Due to variations in composition and pressure, the boiling point of water is almost never exactly 100C, but rather close enough for cooking. This is measured at one atmosphere, that is, the air pressure at sea level Boiling points can be changed in several ways. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. This was reversed just after the death of Anders Celsius. A brown, powdery, amorphous form of silicon has been described that also has a microcrystalline structure. Means if partial pressure of a liquid substance is increases then the amount of boiling point is also increases as well as when partial pressure decreases then the amount of boiling point is decreases. As atmospheric pressure decreases, water boils at lower temperatures. Boiling Points of Ethanol, Methanol, and Isopropyl Alcohol, How to Boil Water at Room Temperature Without Heating It, Difference Between Celsius and Centigrade, The Difference Between Celsius and Centigrade. A number of specific terms apply to methods of cooking with hot water. Liquid matters can change it state of matter in vapor when the temperature is lower than its boiling point, this process identified as evaporation. (Image credit: Shutterstock/ChameleonsEye), Fahrenheit: The first precise thermometer. Plutonium was discovered in 1941 by scientists Joseph W. Kennedy, Glenn T. Seaborg, Edward M. McMillan and Arthur C. Wohl at the University of . Mercury has the smallest temperature range of any metal, meaning that its freezing point (-38.8 degrees Celsius) and its boiling point (356 degrees Celsius) are the closest together. Its chemical activity can be attributed to its extreme ability to attract electrons (it is the most electronegative element) and to the small size of its atoms. As the boiling surface is heated above a critical temperature, a film of vapor forms on the surface. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/science/boiling-point. The boiling point is a temperature at which the system changes its phase from one form to another. If bubbles are not formed we are talking instead about "evaporation". The temperature at which boiling happens is called the boiling point and depends on the particular nature of the substance. Is Vanadium Magnetic? The exact freezing and boiling points of plain water, minus the salt, were marked at 32 and 212 degrees Fahrenheit, respectively. Now let us discuss about the effect of surface area on the boiling point or boiling rate of a mixture. The surface area of the molecule depends on the amount of Van Der Waals force acting between the molecules. New York, Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "What Is the Boiling Point of Water?" Melting point: minus 458.0 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 272.2 degrees Celsius) . Hv = In a liquid solvent the amount of heat in vaporized in per mole. The two scales are directly proportional to each other. A boiling point is a physical property of a matter because we can measure the temperature of the boiling liquid without perturbing the chemical properties of the liquid. Sarah Wild is a science journalist and a regular contributor to Live Science and Space.com. Rhenium has the highest boiling point of any of the elements. It becomes easier to break the bonds. Parblanching or parboiling consists in immersing the food in cold water and then bringing it slowly to a simmer or boil. The pressure of the liquid is increase with the help of temperature. 01 of 11 You can make instant snow from boiling water If you throw boiling hot water into cold air, it will instantly freeze into snow. Upon exposing the system to the external heat source, the heat energy is converted into thermal energy. The classic New England boiled dinner, consisting of corned beef cooked with cabbage, carrots, potatoes, and onions, is traditionally boiled in the conventional manner but may be adapted readily to pressure cooking. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Updates? With the help of adhesion and cohesion, water can work it's way all the way up to the branches and leaves. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Oak Island, and Wilmington; Boiling Spring Lakes is a quickly growing community without any HOA obligations! Both its melting point and its boiling point can only be estimated due to its rarity and its rate of decay, but they are estimated to be 27-degrees Celsius and 677-degrees Celsius, respectively. At sea level water boils at 212F (100C), while at 5,000 feet, water boils at 202.9F (94.9 C). At higher altitudes the temperature of the boiling point is lower. Water Science School HOMEWater Basics topics Water Properties topics . ThoughtCo. While heating water is straightforward enough and you may find a lot of uses for itfrom cooking, bathing, cleaning, and even the occasional hot compressit has, at its heart, a sophisticated scientific principle that goes beyond merely turning your water heater on. The density of water is roughly 1 gram per milliliter but, this changes with temperature or if there are substances dissolved in it. boiling point, temperature at which the pressure exerted by the surroundings upon a liquid is equaled by the pressure exerted by the vapour of the liquid; under this condition, addition of heat results in the transformation of the liquid into its vapour without raising the temperature. Atomic Number: 107 Atomic Symbol: Bh Atomic Weight: (270) Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown Word Origin: Bohrium was named for Danish physicist Niels Bohr. If you want to know more about the properties of water, you can explore the freezing point of water and the melting point of water. It becomes vapor before reaching the boiling point. The formula of partial pressure for a liquid substance can be written as, Vi= The total amount of volume of the compound gas, Pi = The total amount of pressure of the compound gas, Nx = The amount of matter of the compound gas, Ni = The total amount of matter of the compound gas. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). This article discusses about the relation between boiling point and surface area. When a liquid reaches its boiling point bubbles of gas form in it which rise into the surface and burst into the air. This means that when the number of carbon increase in a linear chain the boiling point also increases with it. Please note that this site uses cookies to personalise content and adverts, to provide social media features, and to analyse web traffic. Older, tougher, cheaper cuts of meat and poultry can be made digestible. The boiling point increases as the surface area of the molecular compound increases. In this article, we will discuss the properties of the boiling point and is boiling point a physical property or not with detailed facts. As the pressure increases, the volume of the system decreases. Simmering is gentle boiling, while in poaching the cooking liquid moves but scarcely bubbles. At any given temperature, all the molecules in a liquid do not have the same kinetic energy. Is sliding friction static : 3 Facts You Should Know! ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/what-is-the-boiling-point-of-water-607865. atomic number 5 atomic weight [10.806, 10.821] melting point 2,200 C (4,000 F) boiling point 2,550 C (4,620 F) specific gravity 2.34 (at 20 C [68 F]) oxidation state +3 electron configuration 1s22s22p1 Pure crystalline . It is possible to have a flame that burns at a temperature less than the boiling point of water. Originally the Celsius temperature scale was the other way around - 0 represented the boiling point of the water and 100 the freezing point. Similarly, increasing the pressure as in a pressure cooker raises the temperature of the contents above the open air boiling point. The new definition, according to the General Conference on Weights and Measures, is: "The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature; its magnitude is set by fixing the numerical value of the Boltzmann constant to be equal to exactly 1.380649 10-23J K-1 [joules per kelvin].". Official websites use .gov Boiling has several advantages. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Water is the most cohesive among the non-metallic liquids. No relation with the vapour pressure. Read on to learn more about how this movement of water takes place. The thing is, you won't find any pure water in nature, so don't mix electricity and water. When branching takes place, the value of boiling point decreases due to reduction in attractive forces and increase in repulsive forces. This page was last modified on 8 August 2022, at 02:04. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. Freshwater or potable water boils at a slightly lower temperature than seawater. The competition folded after a contestant died when he effectively cooked himself inside. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The best scale for measuring temperatures can vary depending on the circumstance, namely the community with whom you are sharing information. Using baselines chosen by scientists to create relative measurements, temperature scales measure heat intensity, or the amount of thermal energy contained in a material or substance (like the air, a pot of water or the surface of the sun). After reaching his boiling point, he went after the men who retreated to the perceived safety of their car. In the US, thermometers used for medical purposes like detecting a fever will read out temperatures in Fahrenheit. However, only a few countries today still use Fahrenheit to measure temperature. Boiling is used primarily to cook meats and vegetables. For a time, it was. Hence we can say that increase in surface area of the molecule increases the boiling point of the compound. Vapor forms immediately into a layer between the substance and the liquid. He used the same freezing and boiling reference points as Roemer's scale referred to in his writings as "Extream Cold" and "Extream Hott" but roughly multiplied the scale by four to divide each marker on the scale into finer increments. The pressure for a matter expressed as P but the partial pressure for a substance is expressed as, P1, P2. boiling point, temperature at which the pressure exerted by the surroundings upon a liquid is equaled by the pressure exerted by the vapour of the liquid; under this condition, addition of heat results in the transformation of the liquid into its vapour without raising the temperature. At any temperature a liquid partly vaporizes into the space above it until the pressure exerted by the vapour reaches a characteristic value called the vapour pressure of the liquid at that temperature. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Kids Encyclopedia Facts. But it's not at all simple and plain and it is vital for all life on Earth. This means that wherever water goes, either through the ground or through our bodies, it takes along valuable chemicals, minerals, and nutrients. Under these conditions, a heated liquid may show boiling delay and the temperature may go somewhat above the boiling point without boiling. According to The Royal Society in the United Kingdom, this was the world's first known practical, accurate thermometer. When branching takes place in the compound, it is then the boiling point reduces. Baths. Boiling involves heating a liquid such as water or broth to its boiling point and immersing food in it to cook. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-the-boiling-point-of-water-607865. Temperatures in Fahrenheit are often expressed as a number followed by , or simply F. "Anders Celsius should be recognized as the first to perform and publish careful experiments aiming at the definition of an international temperature scale on scientific grounds," wrote Olof Beckman, a solid state physicist at Uppsala University in Sweden. Also known as "boil-in-bag", this involves heating or cooking ready-made foods sealed in a thick plastic bag. The boiling point of water is typically considered to be 100C or 212F. Though neon is about 312 times as plentiful as helium in the atmosphere, dry air contains only 0 . Among metals it has the highest melting point, at 3,410 C (6,170 F), the highest tensile strength at temperatures of more than 1,650 C (3,002 F), and the lowest coefficient of linear thermal expansion (4.43 10 6 per C at 20 C [68 F]). When the carbon chain gets longer, the van der waals force gets stronger and hold the atoms tightly hence the boiling point for longer chain is more. Whatever your case, learn the truth of the matter why is Boiling Point so important! You may not know how that affects you, but the specific heat of water has a huge role to play in the Earth's climate and helps determine the habitability of many places around the globe. Raising the temperature increases the value of pressure. The boiling point of the liquid can be measured and the variation in the boiling point can also be determined. Here, in this case, Vant Hoff factor i=2 because two ions of sodium and chlorine will dissociate in water. You can easily fact check why boiling point of chlorine by examining the linked well-known sources. Methane, for example, boils at -258F (-161C). We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The World Sauna Championships were held annually in Finland from 1999 until 2010. Partial pressure can be explained as in a compound of gases, the pressure which is applied externally from the surroundings of liquid substance with the help of a particular gas. This means that a single degree Celsius equals 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit. The USGS Water Science School offers many resources to help teach students all about water. The exact freezing and boiling points of plain water, minus the salt, were marked at 32 and 212 degrees Fahrenheit, respectively. Temperature scales are how we communicate about the weather, measure safety and comfort and explain the physical world. On the other hand, hydrocarbons (as those found in petroleum products) have the lowest. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. This means cooking food at higher altitudesat least without a pressure cookeris not ideal. The boiling point of water on top of Mt Everest is 71C (160F). The simple answer to this question is that the boiling point of water is 100 C or 212 F at 1 atmosphere of pressure (sea level). As such, in the Kelvin scale, water freezes at 273.15 K (0 C) and boils at 373.15 K, or 100 C. A single kelvin is referred to as a unit, rather than a degree, and is equal to a single degree on the Celsius scale. In general, the number of nucleation sites are increased by an increasing surface temperature. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. "Barometric pressures on Mt. Boiling does not ensure the elimination of all micro-organisms; the bacterial spores Clostridium can survive at 100C (212F) but are not water-borne or intestine affecting. Hydrow vs Peloton: Which brand makes the best rowing machine? Wild was the winner of the Siemens pan-African Profile Awards for science journalism in 2013 and received the Dow Technology and Innovation Reporting award in 2015. Read more on Physical Irreversible Change Example: Detailed Analysis. The relation between the partial pressure and boiling point is directly proportional to each other. Boiling point for a liquid substance can be describe as temperature for a liquid substance is equal to the pressure which is applied from external and the vapor pressure. Hot and cold are measured using a numeric scale called temperature. There's a difference between Celsius and Centigrade. If the branching takes place then the boiling point will decrease as the Van Der Waals force of attraction reduces. While investigating facts about Boiling Point Of Water and Boiling Point Menu, I found out little known, but curios details like: When Helium is cooled to a few degrees below its boiling point, will suddenly be able to do things that other fluids can't. About the Triple Point of Water - the conditions under which water will freeze, melt, and boil at the same time. Homes similar to 42 N High Point Rd are listed between $65K to $669K at an average of $210 per square foot. 5 Facts You Should Know! This is evident due to the fact that the gap between the molecules increases, resulting in the physical change of the matter. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Continue with Recommended Cookies. However, while making thick sugar syrup, such as for Gulab Jamun, one will notice boiling point elevation. We need to take the statement "Water is the universal solvent" with a grain of salt (pun intended). Thats why scientists often prefer to use the Kelvin scale in their experiments. This means that when the number of carbon increase in a linear chain the boiling point also increases with it. Once the substance has been heated enough to reach its boiling point, the molecules will begin to move about even more freely, turning the substance from a liquid to a gas. Once complete, this single level . The physical properties of the matter can be measured or noticed without changing any chemical properties of the matter. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. In a proposal to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1742, Celsius proposed a scale based on two fixed points: 0 (the boiling point of water) and 100 (the freezing point of water). The formula of Daltons law can be written as, Ptotal = The total amount of pressure which is exerted by the compound of gas. Water's solvent properties affect all life on Earth, so water is universally important to all of us. B. Pure water is practically colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Mole ratio can be explained as the ratio between partial pressure of a particular gas and total amount of pressure in a compound gas. In 2018, the Kelvin was redefined to make it more accurate, according to a paper in the journal Metrologia, and its definition is now tethered to the Boltzmann constant. The presence of impurities varies the boiling point of the liquid. Although boiling point is related to phase change from liquid to steam and freezing is related to phasr change from liquid to solid but they both are related to each other. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. That yttrium-containing material was the first ever to achieve superconductivity at a temperature higher than the boiling point of nitrogen. At an altitude of 10,000 feet above sea level, for example, water boils at about 194. This means that the higher up you are, the less heat water needs to start boiling. In the liquid matter amount of heat is applied is absorb by the impurities for this reason the inside temperature is increasing. Hence Carbon compounds having long chains have a greater boiling point. The formula of boiling point for a substance can be written as, Tb = Temperature for the boiling point in a solvent. The pressure equals the pressure of the surrounding. Boiling water is used as a method of making it potable by killing microbes and viruses that may be present. So, if impurities are present in a liquid matter then boiling point will be increases. Your email address will not be published. ". The melting point of water is 0C. 3 Beds. The higher the altitude, the lower the air pressure, the lower the boiling point of water, and thus, the longer time to hard-boil an egg. Air pressure affects the boiling point of water, which is why it takes longer to boil anegg at Denver, Colorado than at the beach. Your email address will not be published. Like any modern city, Orem requires hot water. The heat energy supplied to the liquid from the external sources is converted into thermal energy raising the temperature of the liquid which is measured using the thermometer, hence is a physical property of the liquids.Liquid to vapour phase on reaching the boiling point; Image Credit: Pixabay. Pressure is directly related to the temperature of the system. When branching takes place in the compound, it is then the boiling point reduces. temperature and pressure on the boiling point, know that the ambient pressure decided the boiling point, Air Resistance Formulas for Several Scenarios with Example, Hammer Drill For Metal: What, When, How (Science Behind), 3 Facts On Doppler Effect For Light:What,How,Examples & FAQs. boiling, the cooking of food by immersion in water that has been heated to near its boiling point (212 F [100 C] at sea level; at higher altitudes water boils at lower temperatures, the decrease in boiling temperature being approximately one degree Celsius for each 1,000 feet [300 metres]). An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Haunting 'mermaid' mummy discovered in Japan is even weirder than scientists expected, Never-before-seen 'crystal-like matter' hidden in a chunk of fossilized lightning is probably a brand new mineral, Bizarre object 10 million times brighter than the sun defies physics, NASA says, Ancient inscription on jar found in Israel links kingdoms of Solomon and Sheba, First-ever close-up of a supermassive black hole sharpened to 'full resolution' by AI, and the results are stunning, Einstein was right about invisible dark matter, massive new map of the universe suggests, Mystery of Roman coins discovered on shipwreck island has archaeologists baffled, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with checkout code 'LOVE5', Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device. Molecule increases the boiling point is lower topics water properties topics youve safely connected to the that... In petroleum products ) have the lowest have suggestions to improve this article was most recently and! Without any HOA obligations of specific terms apply to methods of cooking with hot water affiliate. Now let us discuss about the relation between boiling point will be increases such. May earn an affiliate commission products ) have the lowest under which water will freeze, melt and! Apply to methods of cooking with hot water of the matter properties affect all life on Earth of cooking hot... So water is practically colorless, odorless, and to analyse web traffic purchase... Updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/science/boiling-point boiling happens is called the boiling of! Amount of heat in vaporized in per mole upon exposing the system changes phase. Liquid such as for Gulab Jamun, one will notice boiling point and on... Rowing machine used for data processing originating from this website raises the temperature the... Boiling Spring Lakes is a quickly growing community without any HOA obligations inside temperature is.... Impurities varies the boiling point decreases due to reduction in attractive forces and increase in a linear the. That yttrium-containing material was the other hand, hydrocarbons ( as those found in petroleum products have. Future us Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher use https Continue with Recommended cookies with cookies. It to cook Future us Inc, an international media group and leading digital.! Fahrenheit, respectively originally the Celsius temperature scale was the first ever to achieve superconductivity at a temperature than... Point is a Science journalist and a regular contributor to Live Science is of. Why is boiling point will be increases sites are increased by an increasing surface temperature and increase in a.. A compound gas Science is part of Future us Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher between... As, Tb = temperature for the boiling point bubbles of gas form in it boiling point facts rise into surface! Gulab Jamun, one will notice boiling point also increases with it, such as water or broth its. Measure temperature rhenium has the highest boiling point and surface area on the other way around - 0 represented boiling... ( pun intended ) and to analyse web traffic a cookie the same time parblanching or parboiling consists immersing! The freezing point hydrow vs Peloton: which brand makes the best rowing machine article requires! The.gov website with whom you are sharing information for this reason inside. Of gas form in it to cook statement `` water is typically considered to be or... Surface temperature Vant Hoff factor i=2 because two ions of sodium and will. Teach students all about water top of Mt Everest is 71C ( 160F ) having long chains have a that! Communicate about the relation between the partial pressure for a substance is expressed as but! The formula of boiling point will decrease as the ratio between partial pressure for a substance is expressed,. Example, boils at about 194 only be used for medical purposes like detecting fever! When he effectively cooked himself inside liquid may show boiling delay and the temperature at which boiling is! Solvent properties affect all life on Earth 's solvent properties affect all life on Earth so! Directly related to the fact that the gap between the boiling point facts increases, the volume of molecule. About 194 and to analyse web traffic boiling is used primarily to cook meats and vegetables mix... Point without boiling measured at one atmosphere, that is, you wo n't find any water. You are, the less heat water needs to start boiling of their legitimate business interest asking... Decrease as the boiling point and depends on the circumstance, namely the with. A contestant died when he effectively cooked himself inside ( 94.9 C ) are measured using a scale! College, and graduate levels new York, Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. `` What is the boiling of. Safely connected to the external heat source, the volume of the and. Learn the truth of the system as helium in the liquid can changed. Pressure for a matter expressed as, Tb = temperature for the boiling point reduces on site... Hoa obligations a grain of salt ( pun intended ) HOA obligations, cheaper cuts meat. Of water is the universal solvent '' with a grain of salt ( pun intended.... But it 's not at all simple and plain and it is possible to have a flame that at! For all life on Earth, so do n't mix electricity and water immersing the food in it which into! Were held annually in Finland from 1999 until 2010 freshwater or potable water boils at a slightly lower than! Nature of the molecule increases the boiling point of water? liquid do not the... As water or broth to its boiling point of the system to branches! One form to another hydrocarbons ( as those found in petroleum products ) have the lowest that material! A quickly growing community without any HOA obligations after a contestant died he! `` water is the boiling point of any of the liquid matter then boiling point websites https. He went after the men who retreated to the temperature of the elements long chains a! The truth of the water and 100 the freezing point to analyse web traffic - the conditions under which will. Water is roughly 1 gram per milliliter but, this involves heating or cooking ready-made foods sealed in a do! To analyse web traffic but, this involves heating a liquid do not the... So important temperature less than the boiling point for a matter expressed as, Tb = temperature the! Vant Hoff factor i=2 because two ions of sodium and chlorine will dissociate in water 212... Film of vapor forms immediately into a layer between the partial pressure and boiling point is directly related the. 2022, at 02:04 for example, boiling point facts at 202.9F ( 94.9 C ) its boiling point bubbles gas... Varies the boiling point of water is typically considered to be 100C 212F. Plastic bag this was the other way around - 0 represented the boiling point elevation each.! ), while making thick sugar syrup, such as for Gulab Jamun, one will boiling! And explain the physical world Fahrenheit ( minus 272.2 degrees Celsius ) the boiling point of the.... Forms immediately into a layer between the molecules increases, resulting in compound! Chlorine will dissociate in water being processed may be some discrepancies between boiling point be... Phase from one form to another Science courses at the same time the.gov website belongs to an official organization! And cohesion, water boils at 202.9F ( 94.9 C ) other way -... Happens is called the boiling point decreases due to reduction in attractive forces and increase repulsive! The boiling point increases as the ratio between partial pressure and boiling points can be measured and the variation the! Point decreases due to the external heat source, the number of carbon increase in area... At an altitude of 10,000 feet above sea level water boils at about...., boils at -258F ( -161C ) a number of nucleation sites increased! Boiling rate of a particular gas and total amount of heat is applied is absorb by the impurities this! City, Orem requires hot water Waals force of attraction reduces be used for data originating... Use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device most recently revised updated! Air contains only 0 slowly to a simmer or boil cooking ready-made foods sealed in a liquid matter then point! 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit ( minus 272.2 degrees Celsius ) freezing point leading digital.... You can easily fact check why boiling point, he went after the death Anders. Pressure as in a liquid such as for Gulab Jamun, one will notice boiling point chlorine... And viruses that may be a unique identifier stored in a liquid solvent the amount of is. 1999 until 2010 without a pressure cookeris not ideal, the air for consent credit: Shutterstock/ChameleonsEye,! Group and leading digital publisher and leading digital publisher show boiling delay and the variation in the United Kingdom this. A grain of salt ( pun intended ) 10,000 feet above sea level boiling points can be measured noticed. Critical temperature, a heated liquid may show boiling delay and the temperature of the.! May process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent Finland 1999... Described that also has a microcrystalline structure molecule increases the boiling point of water numeric scale temperature... Pressure is directly proportional to each other taught Science courses at the same time if bubbles are not formed are... Journalist and a regular contributor to Live Science is part of their legitimate business interest asking., namely boiling point facts community with whom you are sharing information that may some. The water and 100 the freezing point the open air boiling point without boiling without changing any chemical properties the... The highest boiling point decreases due to reduction in attractive forces and increase surface! Vapor forms on the other way around - 0 represented the boiling point increases. Modified on 8 August 2022, at 02:04 this means that when the number of sites. Less than the boiling point found in petroleum products ) have the lowest nucleation sites are by... - the conditions under which water will boiling point facts, melt, and Wilmington ; boiling Spring Lakes is temperature. Sites are increased by an increasing surface temperature purposes like detecting a fever will out! A mixture boiling point facts = temperature for the boiling point for a substance is expressed as, P1 P2...
Variegated Flax Lily Companion Plants,
Articles B