mughal empire dbq

[43] Aurangzeb is considered India's most controversial king,[62] with some historians arguing his religious conservatism and intolerance undermined the stability of Mughal society,[43] while other historians question this, noting that he built Hindu temples,[65] employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims. [169] Though the Mughals were of Turko-Mongol origin, their reign enacted the revival and height of the Persian language in the Indian subcontinent. A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals, who were Muslims, to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He defeated Babar in the Battle of Bayana. Compared to food per-capita, expenditure on clothing was much smaller though, so relative income between 1595 and 1596 should be comparable to 19011910. [98] India's economy has been described as a form of proto-industrialization, like that of 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. Answer: The Mughal Empire started facing a variety of crises towards the closing years of the 17th century. x\[o[~7p`D [99] India's GDP growth increased over the 1500-1820 period, having grown faster than over the 1-1000 and 1000-1500 periods. 165 0 obj <>stream The Mughal empire was religiously tolerant under the rule of Akbar who was the grandson of Bubar. This resulted in lower silver coin prices for Indian textiles, giving them a price advantage in global markets. Ottoman Empire: Suleyman the Lawgiver (1520-1566) Selim's son Conquered European city of Belgrade in 1521 Military conquest in N. Africa, C. Europe, E. Med. The Empire he founded was a sophisticated civilisation based on religious toleration. Finally came a series of violent political feuds over control of the throne. [36][37] Nevertheless, Babur's ancestors were sharply distinguished from the classical Mongols insofar as they were oriented towards Persian rather than Turco-Mongol culture. [103] The expansion of agriculture and cultivation continued under later Mughal emperors including Aurangzeb, whose 1665 firman edict stated: "the entire elevated attention and desires of the Emperor are devoted to the increase in the population and cultivation of the Empire and the welfare of the whole peasantry and the entire people. The civil administration was organised in a hierarchical manner on the basis of merit, with promotions based on performance. Akbar also ended a tax (jizya) that had been imposed on non-Muslims. [185][186], During the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Hindu king Jai Singh II of Amber continued the work of Mughal astronomy. While Babur was unique in that his empire, called the Mughal Empire, embraced religious tolerance, subsequent . [39] Mughal administrative records also refer to the empire as "Sultanate of the Country of Delhi" (Persian: , romanized:Sultanat-i-Mamlikat-i-Dihli), or "The Protected Countries of Hindustan" (Persian: , romanized:Mumlik-i-Marsa-i-Hindustan). [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. <> "The Mughals Strike Twice". [139][pageneeded]. Mughal And Ottoman Empire Dbq From 1450-1750 both the Mughal and Ottoman Empires established large functioning bureaucracies, with the establishment of religiously tolerant policies. 10 0 obj Bburs father, Umar Shaykh Mrz, ruled the small principality of Fergana to the north of the Hindu Kush mountain range; Bbur inherited the principality at a young age, in 1494. His first act after conquering Delhi was to forbid the killing of cows because that was offensive to Hindus. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting Bidar was captured by the Mughals. endobj The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constructed response question and a summary essay question using the documents wraps up the DBQ. The first Muslims arrived in the 8th century. % [148], The historian Nizamuddin Ahmad (15511621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, there were 120 large cities and 3200 townships. During his reign, Aurangzeb conducted a continuous campaign to impel Mughal authority deep into . [138] By the late 18th century, the British displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal. 154 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<703B6BE470475CF53496B025F7C4275E><0763BC8545456C4FA029FD2F0F77CBE6>]/Index[147 19]/Info 146 0 R/Length 57/Prev 377749/Root 148 0 R/Size 166/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream However, the dispensation of justice also depended on other factors, such as administrative rules, local customs, and political convenience. E[k9)rxD+|\fj\Jam> The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constr. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [25], The Mughals adopted and standardised the rupee (rupiya, or silver) and dam (copper) currencies introduced by Sur Emperor Sher Shah Suri during his brief rule. He was also a notable writer who described the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the cities of Allahabad and Delhi in rich detail and also made note of the glories of the Mughal Empire. [181], In the sixteenth century, Akbar was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as bans, particularly against war elephants, during the Battle of Sanbal. The Mughals were descendants of Timuraids, who hailed from Central Asia. Meanwhile, an Afghan soldier of fortune, Shr Shah of Sr, had consolidated his power in Bihar and Bengal. <>>> Humyn was fatally injured by falling down the staircase of his library. Thus, the process of empire-building also involved longer-term economic policies that caused a more gradual build-up of political power. hifsa latif directions: please complete your essay in the space provided below. Satisfactory Essays. [97] The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th18th centuries has been referred to as a form of proto-industrialization, similar to 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. These were caused by a number of factors. Land-Based Empires of 1450-1750. The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constructed response question and a summary essay . [118] Bengal was later described as the Paradise of Nations by Mughal emperors. The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and Jahangir. [85][83], The empire was divided into suba (provinces), each of which were headed by a provincial governor called a subadar. Mughal emperors (Urdu: , Persian: , romanized: Shhanshhn-e-Hindustan) were the supreme heads of state of the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.The Mughal rulers styled themselves as Badshah (great king) or Shahanshah, a title usually . [151], Cities acted as markets for the sale of goods, and provided homes for a variety of merchants, traders, shopkeepers, artisans, moneylenders, weavers, craftspeople, officials, and religious figures. The emperor lost authority, as the widely scattered imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities, and made their own deals with local men of influence. In locations such as India, empire-building involved a more complex interplay of economics with the pre-existing political structures, though the Europeans were still able to eventually gain control. [43] India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. 3hZMj]Dpd]9\ qQG; [97], The Mughal administration emphasised agrarian reform, which began under the non-Mughal emperor Sher Shah Suri, the work of which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms. To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader historical events, developments, or processes that occur before, . [115] However, in a system where wealth was hoarded by elites, wages were depressed for manual labour. [141] The Indian population had a faster growth during the Mughal era than at any known point in Indian history prior to the Mughal era. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. [52] Salim was named after the Indian Sufi saint, Salim Chishti and was raised by the daughter of Chishti. Cause 1: military conquest destruction, Cause 2: colonization replace native populations governments, Cause 3: military + colonization + economic influence gradual political power, conclusion: 3 processes; when additional factors (disease in Americas) briskly replaced political structures; India more complex interplay of processes, [RELATED: AP World History: Modern Sample Long Essay Question ], The extremes of military conquest sometimes resulted in the destruction of the native populations political structures. He ruled over a small kingdom in Turkestan. Later, the Mysorean rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets used during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot. For instance, Document 3 indicates that from 1530 to 1795, the proportion of Native Americans in the population of the colony of Puerto Rico droppeddramatically from 36.4 percent of the population to just 2.5 percent. [121], According to economic historian Immanuel Wallerstein, citing evidence from Irfan Habib, Percival Spear, and Ashok Desai, per-capita agricultural output and standards of consumption in 17th-century Mughal India were probably higher than in 17th-century Europe and certainly higher than early 20th-century British India. [81] Indian textiles, however, still maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century. The trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver to Mughal India in order to pay for South Asian imports. Directions: The aim is based on the accompanying documents. The Mughal dynasty was founded by Bbur, a dispossessed Timurid prince who reestablished himself in Kabul. The last Mughal Emperor was deposed by the British in 1858. endobj History's verdict on Aurangzeb largely depends on who's writing it; Muslim or Hindu. The following table gives population estimates for the Mughal Empire, compared to the total population of India, including the regions of modern Pakistan and Bangladesh, and compared to the world population: According to Irfan Habib Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire, which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time, with 15% of its population living in urban centres. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [135] Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. [166] For example, Emperor Jahangir commissioned brilliant artists such as Ustad Mansur to realistically portray unusual flora and fauna throughout the empire. . This bundle includes everything in my store including DBQs that cover a range of World History and American History topics, mock trials, crossword puzzles, word searches, PowerPoint presentations, movie guides and lessons.As I add more materials, I will increase the price to this bundle, but if you, This bundle includes all 40 of my DBQs on offer and cover a wide range of world history and American history topics. The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 15261530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father's side, and from Genghis Khan on his mother's side. After that time it continued to exist as a considerably reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the mid-19th century. To earn this point, the response must relate the topic of the prompt to broader . <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> BBC 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. [87] Sometimes this was necessitated by political and military demands, but shifts also occurred for ideological reasons (for example, Akbar's establishment of Fatehpur Sikri), or even simply because the cost of establishing a new capital was marginal. In the first half of the 10th century a Muslim ruler of Afghanistan invaded the Punjab 11 times, without much political success, but taking away a great deal of loot. 1.s?+B!S8"Se6J(]9Klq-cd-Q &1a:^%86 "cO =Ey12gGce`s"b&v kN5=$',`BLCJF1'Lb0rdH\Zh+L; ]IX; 2fxj~Nf2DxN/qp H;3JU1HU[pyg= 4lT'gYz{Y.M=o`T3Vk`L5T^1.=/qa]u[~ N5:fG8'X'OQBrhO_,W=S4thV_Qa-^B {ySav+)Ac:8N *cVxT! Such officials included the kotwal (local police), the faujdar (an officer controlling multiple districts and troops of soldiers), and the most powerful, the subahdar (provincial governor). Muslim Empire Dbq. A later Muslim invasion in 1398 devastated the city of Delhi. The Mughal Empire ruled over almost the entire subcontinent of India, from 1530-1707. [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. Different rulers used different methods to rule over the Mughal Empire. The new empire ruled over a mixture of Hindu and Muslim religions which hadn't been ruled over together since the 600s. Fatehpur Sikri was the new capital built by Akbar, as a part of his attempt to absorb other religions into Islam. It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith. stream While slavery also existed, it was limited largely to household servants. Sample AP World History Document-Based Questions. [9] Around 80% of Mughal India's imports were bullion, mostly silver,[104] with major sources of imported bullion including the New World and Japan,[103] which in turn imported large quantities of textiles and silk from the Bengal Subah province. The Common Core Standards were written and developed by The National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. Z'>aY{g{m7`N Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. Akbar took the policy of religious toleration even further by breaking with conventional Islam. Document #4, an oral account from an English visitor to the Mughal Court, examines Nur Jahan's role in the Mughal Empire as an absolute monarch, in a time where women were extremely . Instead he had great ideas about civilisation, architecture and administration. [188] The Muslim Governer of Hydrabad in southern India rebelled and established a separate Shi'a state; he also reintroduced religious toleration. A Marxist school (led by Irfan Habib and based at Aligarh Muslim University) emphasises excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich, which stripped away the will and the means to support the regime. endstream The title (Mirza) descends to all the sons of the family, without exception. If you would like an editable version of the DBQ, please send me an email to the address in the PDF. The perfume of your fame far exceeds the scent of roses and jasmine. Parthasarathi cites his estimates that grain wages for weaving and spinning in mid-18 century Bengal and South India was comparable to Britain. One way he did this was by bestowing many more madad-i-ma'ash (tax-free personal land revenue grants given to religiously learned or spiritually worthy individuals) than Akbar had. Aurangzeb was a very observant and religious Muslim who ended the policy of religious tolerance followed by earlier emperors. Document 3. The dam was initially the most common coin in Akbar's time, before being replaced by the rupee as the most common coin in succeeding reigns. The cotton textile industry was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade. In both locations, the Spanish essentially destroyed the empires and installed their own political systems, with viceroys who served under the Spanish crown and a hierarchical class system that gave preference to those of European ancestry. Through the Government of India Act 1858 the British Crown assumed direct control of East India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new British Raj. While this may well have been for political reasons - he married a Hindu princess (and is said to have married several thousand wives for political and diplomatic purposes) - it was also a part of his philosophy. [189] It is now housed at the National Museum of Scotland. The astronomical instruments and observational techniques used at the Mughal observatories were mainly derived from Islamic astronomy. 7-@@AI:+ 9WN.F4I;>9g}v3v/Ew?2$^ZNuL:0ou`}\=oJ\{,){z%vg4y3[JV0yj(g;&k3{ym}t8pj]z\cPO +KX(.yIhDehFgR`F FnB|S`]to|_e9}?rZsc |VBx{i6T5+;_A7bh$0.9kF9%^^ Pdf <> The last Mughal emperor, Bahdur Shah II (183757), was exiled by the British after his involvement with the Indian Mutiny of 185758. In turn, this benefited the Indian textile industry. DOCUMENT 3 DOCUMENT 4 Dr. Franois Bernier, French traveler and foreign employee of the Mughal emperor, who also lived for years in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, and India, from his book about his experiences, 1656 - 1668 "The king [of India], as proprietor of the land, makes over a certain quantity to military men, as an equivalent for their . %".{l1AbL}9mmHY2[,ArDxPGW7]6vF x H"~,.fi)|$a WWHZ40\qe,\Aawj)g):\6 Gwe;sH- bV Another ministry was dedicated to the imperial household and public works. [128] Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India sometime during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire. [66], Aurangzeb's son, Bahadur Shah I, repealed the religious policies of his father and attempted to reform the administration. [83][84] The central government was headed by the Mughal emperor; immediately beneath him were four ministries. He rapidly lost the empire. In 1876 the British Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India. He no longer allowed the Hindu community to live under their own laws and customs, but imposed Sharia law (Islamic law) over the whole empire. The AP World History: Modern Exam requires you to complete a document-based question, which is why we have provided example DBQs and tips for writing reponses below. Richly-finished albums (muraqqa) decorated with calligraphy and artistic scenes were mounted onto pages with decorative borders and then bound with covers of stamped and gilded or painted and lacquered leather. Meanwhile, some regional polities within the increasingly fragmented Mughal Empire, involved themselves and the state in global conflicts, leading only to defeat and loss of territory during the Carnatic Wars and the Bengal War. This guide includes comparisons in unit 3 and unit 4 respectively in addition to comparisons between unit 3 and unit 4. 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