is a free, award-winning online publication dedicated to providing age-appropriate science news to learners, parents and educators. J. Wildl. T. R. Loughlin (San Diego, CA: Academic Press), 4759. Along the west coast of North America, they remained absent from eastern Prince William Sound in Alaska to central California- a linear distance of approximately 4,000 km of nearshore habitat where they formerly existed. Sci. Official websites use .gov Effects of Sea Otter Colonization on Soft-Sediment Intertidal Prey Assemblages in Glacier Bay, Alaska. Proc. From 1965 to 1990, seven sea otter translocations were made into historically occupied habitat, resulting in five self-sustaining populations. doi: 10.2307/2937159. Nat. Predators help protect carbon stocks in blue carbon ecosystems. A., Ricca, M. A., Miles, A. K., and Forsman, E. D. (2008). Oceanogr. Imagine that you are on a hunting ship long ago when there were many sea otters. Kreuder, C., Miller, M. A., Jessup, D. A., Lowenstine, L. J., Harris, M. D., Ames, J. doi: 10.1002/ecy.2120, Williams, T. M., Estes, J. First, sea otters at many western Aleutian Islands now exist at extremely low densities with only a few scattered individuals along exposed outer coastal habitats (e.g., one otter was observed in the Ogliuga/Skagul island complex in 2015 skiff survey; USFWS). Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082477, Menge, B. A. Natural history, ecology, and the conservation and management of sea otters, in Sea Otter Conservation, eds S. E. Larson, J. L. Bodkin, and G. R. VanBlaricom (London: Elsevier), 1941. Anthony, R. G., Estes, J. Diet A sea otter has a metabolic rate much higher than most mammals of similar size, and must consume large quantities of food. The first is considered a census, where it is assumed that all animals in an area are counted, and precision is not usually estimated. A sea otter floats on its back. One view is driven by the conservation of sea otters as a species hunted to near extinction. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The FWS published anotice of availability of the revised stock assessment report on 28 August 2017, in which it addressed the comments submitted by the Commission and others. Front.
C i" Ser. A. In Alaska, some lawmakers in the state government have suggested that sea otters be culled to reduce pressure on certain commercially exploited invertebrates, but this would require a change in the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. Lia Rudisill - 1 extracted Homeostasis Population Graphs CC.pdf - Name: Period: Kelp Population Trends Graph the data provided on the left to Lia Rudisill - 1 extracted Homeostasis Population Graphs CC.pdf School Watseka Comm High School Course Title HIST2340 2430 Uploaded By JudgeArmadillo241 Pages 5 Ratings 92% (12) Proc. A common theme throughout these seven challenges is the need for information on interannual movements of sea otters, which affects dispersal, habitat use and gene flow. Zool. Understanding sea otter dispersal patterns is critical to understanding sea otter expansion throughout their range, but it may be particularly relevant if dispersal distances are now reduced due to killer whale predation. Mar. doi: 10.2307/3672835, Reidy, R. D., and Cox, S. P. (2013). (1978). doi: 10.1139/z95-138, Nichol, L. M. (2015). J. Zool. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1302805110. What is causing the rapid loss of sea otters in Alaska? Do trophic cascades affect the storage and flux of atmospheric carbon? doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.04.008. Monitoring efforts have varied in frequency and type across years. 1986). Detecting and inferring cause of change in an Alaska nearshore marine ecosystem. Biol. It was once thought that humans were the only significant predator of sea otters and, absent human interference, sea otters were an apex predator within the nearshore system. Watson, J. C., and Smith, T. G. (1996). 210, 19601970. Appl. The total economic value of threatened, endangered and rare species: an updated meta-analysis. The population decline likely began in the mid-1980s and declined at a rate of 17.5%/year in the 1990s. Proc. In addition, the Commission noted the need to update the southern sea otter stock assessment report more frequently. A., and White, C. M. (1975). 26, 10161025. The authors recognize the support they have received from their respective institutions and numerous colleagues and students over many years, which made this article possible. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00011-1. A., Siniff, D. B., and Bodkin, J. L. (2000). A., Tinker, M. T., Williams, T. M., and Doak, D. F. (1998). Southwest Alaska Distinct Population Segment of the Northern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) - Recovery Plan. J. Trop. Southern sea otters, also known as California sea otters, live in the waters along the central California coastline. This sample is exclusively for KidsKonnect members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup for free (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! Sea otters serve as sentinels for protozoal pathogens transmitted from the terrestrial hosts to marine mammals. Sea otters do not cause the extinction of invertebrate populations, but they necessarily alter recovery targets if they are based on harvest data collected after the extirpation of sea otters. Am. Solid lines represent all sea otters and dashed lines represent independents only (non-pups). 20% per year (USFWS 2013b, USGS unpublished data). To reduce the risk of a large oil spill contacting otters throughout all or much of the species range, the FWS, in the late 1980s, attempted to establish a separate population at San Nicolas Island through a translocation of otters from the parent range. Alaska Natives can hunt sea otters legally but cannot sell unaltered pelts. Monitoring efforts have varied in frequency and type across years. Ecology 89, 27252735. Sea otter abundance has been stable in the Kenai Fjords National Park (KEFJ) in southcentral Alaska since at least 2002. Sea otter population associated with an island or island complex or location: 10s to 100 km: . Sato, C. L. (2018). When prepared and cooked correctly, it makes a healthy, tasty stew. Status and Trends of Sea Otter Populations in Southeast Alaska, 19692003. Fish and Wildlife Service (2013). 57, 199203. A highly skilled and detail-oriented GIS Technician with a background in Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences and a passion for geospatial technology and data analysis. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br However, as sea otter populations recover, a range-wide approach to their conservation and management is needed, something that does not currently exist. Approximately how much have sea otter populations increased from 1969-70 to today? Engaging activities when reading Sea Otter Pups. . Predation These are ready-to-use Sea Otter worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Sea Otters, which are born swimmers with long, sleek, streamlined bodies with webbed feet. Plant Sci. 560, 7386. D. Sherrod, S. K., Estes, J. This is a fantastic bundle that includes everything you need to know about sea otters across 25 in-depth pages. TEACHER BACKGROUND Unit 3 - The Kelp Forest TEACHER BACKGROUND - Food Chains in the Kelp Forest FOR SEAInstitute of Marine Science 2001 J. 10, 100107. A., and Duggins, D.O. Their paws also have retractable claws and palms with tough pads. Fort Collins, CO: National Park Service. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00005-6, Lee, J., Watson, C., Trebilco, R., and Salomon, A. K. (2016). KidsKonnect is a growing library of premium quality educational materials, printable worksheets and teaching resources for use in the classroom. thesis, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Conserv. A., van Vliet, G. B., Williams, T. M., Doak, D. F., Danner, E. M., et al. Fortunately, sea otters have an appetite for sea urchins and they help to keep sea urchins in check, allowing the kelp to flourish and capture CO 2. Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: an ongoing legacy of industrial whaling? Sea otters can hold their breath for up to five minutes but dives typically only last about one minute. Accordingly, this project aims to understand the impact of multiple threats on sea otter abundance and trends, describe critical sea otter habitat needs, and determine the functional roles of sea otters in nearshore ecosystems. What kinds of other animals share the sea otters habitat? Temporal and spatial patterns in sea otter (Enhydra lutris) range expansion and in the loss of the Pismo clam fisheries. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB The population has grown by about 10 percent per year over the past decade and contained about 100 otters in 2019. Activity Patterns and Time Budgets of Sea Otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska. 62, 26482658. Setting realistic recovery targets for interacting endangered species. Animal populations are limited by density-dependent and density-independent factors, many of which are known for sea otters, although the importance of individual factors varies. A second method to monitor abundance is to correct for sighting bias of animals not detected and areas not surveyed. What questions would you want to answer about sea otters? 72, 2236. Science 282, 473476. Monson, D. H. (2009). JB wrote Question 4. Imagine that you are applying for money to study sea otters. Estimates of energy intake rates averaged 17.3 kilocalories per minute (95-percent confidence interval =15.619.0 kilocalories per minute) and suggest possible variations across years and seasons, but confidence intervals based on specific years of data were relatively wide. ELKHORN SLOUGH SEA OTTER RESEARCH - OF ESTUARIES AND SEA OTTERS. An analysis of sea otters and kelp forests. Prey choice and habitat use drive sea otter pathogen exposure in a resource-limited coastal system. Foraging efforts of more than 10 h day-1 (>40% of daily activity budget) may indicate that a population is approaching an equilibrium density, although it depends on the productivity and prey availability of the habitat. Aquat. 50, 626637. The Commission continues to follow closely ongoing research into the status and trends of this population, both for the coastal parent population and the translocated population on San Nicolas Island. Hunting has been banned, and now poor water quality and lack of quality habitat are the main threat to sea otters. No survey counts occurred during 2020. Sea otters live in shallow coastal waters in the northern Pacific Ocean. The FWS says that the sea otter population would have to reach about 8,400 animals Sea otter population declines in the Aleutian archipelago. To accomplish this, we have forged partnerships with scientific collaborators from the Federal, State and private sector, to produce high-quality scientific information on the role of various stressors in limiting sea otter abundance, and to ensure this information's relevance and application to current conservation problems. 3, eds A. E. Dizon, S. J. Chivers, and W. F. Perrin (Lawrence, KS: Special publication of the Society of Marine Mammalogy), 197208. Monogr. Future research should focus on developing technology to determine sea otter dispersal distances in both predator-impacted areas (i.e., the Aleutian Islands) and areas without significant predation pressure. Official websites use .gov Int. Data are shown for independent otters (nonpups) and all otters for mainland California (blue; left axis), San Nicolas Island (red; right axis), and range-wide (squares; left axis) from 2012 onward, when both indices were combined to calculate the population index. browser may not display or print as intended. What percentage of your weight would those burgers represent. Critique of the evolutionarily significant unit as a definition for distinct population segments under the US endangered Species act. J. Anim. Biol. Historical ecology of late Holocene sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from northern British Columbia: isotopic and zooarchaeological perspectives. 9, 168181. During the past 60 years, much has been learned about their natural history, physiological adaptations for an aquatic life, and the important role they play in structuring nearshore marine ecosystems. Because the proportion of mussels in sea otters diet at KEFJ was correlated with large mussel abundance, reduced mussel abundance could have a significant effect on sea otter carrying capacity where they are important prey. Indirect effects of sea otters on rockfish (Sebastes spp.) Sci. Ser. Female sea otters become sexually mature at around four years of age, and males at around five. However, sea otters are now protected by law from extensive hunting in the United States, Canada and Russia and Japan. Diseases (Toxoplasma gondii in California and Streptococcus Syndrome in parts of Alaska) also may have a density-dependent effect on local populations (Johnson et al., 2009; Mazzillo et al., 2013; Van Wormer et al., 2014; Counihan et al., 2015; Bartlett et al., 2016). doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00167.x, Wolt, R. C., Gelwick, F. P., Weltz, F., and Davis, R. W. (2012). Under certain conditions, counts by experienced teams of observers following strict protocols nearly meet this assumption, with detection probability approaching 90% (Estes and Jameson, 1988). 77, 271280. /Pages 3 0 R Johnson, C. K., Tinker, M. T., Estes, J. Sci. Currently, radio telemeters are implanted in the abdominal cavity, which precludes the use of satellite-linked devises because of antenna limitations. What would you do? 20 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Key Questions and Challenges for Future Research and Management, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). In addition to their fishery-related impacts, sea otters may come into conflict with recovery efforts for other threatened or endangered species that are part of their natural prey base. Early on, interactions with fisheries were identified as a possible cause. Oikos 90, 457468. For example, the 3-year average of total otters for 1998 is the average of the total counts for 1996, 1997, and 1998. 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