seshat goddess of magicseshat goddess of magic

} This list may not reflect recent changes. Its very title may reflect the power of life that was believed to exist in the divinely inspired writings composed, copied, and often stored thereIn one ancient text the books in the House of Life are claimed not only to have the ability to renew life but actually to be able to provide the food and sustenance needed for the continuation of life. Bast is associated with perfume, as well, as the hieroglyph for her name is the same as that of the bas . Seshat - This name comes from the goddess of wisdom and writing, and is associated with knowledge, intelligence, and creativity. The floor plan of the temple was laid out through the stretching the cord ceremony after an appropriate area of land had been decided upon. History, writing,. Seshat is only one of a number of female deities venerated in ancient Egypt reflecting the high degree of respect given to women and their abilities in a number of different areas of daily life. A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. Thoth had given the gift of writing to humanity and it was a mortals responsibility to honor that gift by practicing the craft as precisely as possible. Her skills were necessary for surveying the land, to re-establish boundary-lines after the annual floods. Only 3 left in stock - order soon. She was occasionally called Safekh-Aubi (or Safekh-Abwy meaning She of two horns) because of this headdress, although it is also suggested that Safekh-Aubi was in fact a separate (if rather obscure) goddess. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Apparently this was usually accomplished by sighting the stars of a northern circumpolar constellation through a notched wooden instrument called a merkhet and thus acquiring a true north-south orientation which was commonly used for the temples short axis. She is also portrayed with other items, mostly tools of measurement, such as knotted cords for surveying structures and land. Unfortunately there is no clear evidence to confirm which view is correct. Seshat's responsibilities were many. A number of other women were depicted holding the scribes palette and brush, indicating that they could write, but not actually engaged in writing. }, Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Her name literally means female scribe and she is regularly depicted as a woman wearing a leopard skin draped over her robe with a headdress of a seven-pointed star arched by a crescent in the form of a bow. She is often depicted as the consort (either wife or daughter) of Thoth, god of wisdom, writing, and various branches of knowledge. amzn_assoc_placement = "adunit"; Her headdress also represents her name which was not spelled phonetically (the semi-circular bread loaf and the seated woman are both female determinatives). The written word was considered a sacred art. The scribes were most commonly associated with the sun god Ra in earlier times and with Osiris in later periods no matter which god resided in a particular temple. Seshat "Goddess of Writing" Seshat Goddess of Writing - Ancient Egyptian Gods and Goddess - Egypt Tours Portal. Heka (/ h k /; Ancient Egyptian: k(w); Coptic: hik; also transliterated Hekau) was the deification of magic and medicine in ancient Egypt.The name is the Egyptian word for "magic". } else { Among Seshat's responsibilities were record keeping, accounting, measurements, census-taking, and patroness of libraries & librarians. Thoth, originally a moon deity, later became god of wisdom and scribe of the gods Sia, the deification of wisdom Seshat, goddess of wisdom, knowledge, and writing. Hecate's wheel - Hecate's wheel features a circle with a maze with three sides. A. Angitia; C. Circe; Coyolxuhqui; E. Ereshkigal; H. . He is a god of healing and is said to have healed pharaoh Ptolemy IV. Seshat was known as the goddess of wisdom, knowledge and writing amongst other things. Serapis Syncretic god of the afterlife. Seshat is the goddess of wisdom, knowledge, and writing. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Owing to the great value Egyptians placed on writing, however, and her part in the construction of temples and the afterlife, she was venerated widely through commonplace acts and daily rituals from the Early Dynastic Period to the last dynasty to rule Egypt, the Ptolemaic Dynasty of 323-30 BCE. "margin-left": "0", Books Sekhmet - "Powerful Female" Goddess of war & destruction. As noted, although Seshat never had a temple of her own, she was the foundation of the temples constructed in her role as Mistress of Builders and her participation in the ritual ceremony of "stretching the cord" which measured the dimensions of the structure to be raised. 3 She comes to us from the very beginnings of Egyptian culture as one of a group of sky deities who were ousted by the solar religion of Ra. }, Many ancient Egyptians believed that Seshat invented writing, while Thoth taught writing to mankind. Get it as soon as Monday, Oct 17. Wiki User. Like her father, she was the . "styles": { "modalProduct": { According to the myth, Seshat was the daughter of Thoth (but in other accounts, she was his consort) and Maat, the personification of cosmic order, truth and justice. In the famous story of Osiris and his murder by Set it is not Osiris who is the hero of the tale but his sister-wife Isis. Seshat was the goddess of writing, notations, wisdom, knowledge, books, and measurements her name means "The Female Scribe" and she was the daughter and consort of Thoth the god of wisdom and writing. "img": false, Thoth is the messenger much like the Greek god, Hermesa transmutation made from Egyptian to Greek mythology. It is interesting to note that she is the only female character who was actually depicted in the act of writing. (52.5 x . During a new moon he was known as the mighty bull. Unfortunately, in all cases but one, the woman is sitting with her husband or son in such a way that it would cramp the available space to put the kit under the mans chair, and so it may have been moved back to a place under the womans. Unfortunately, in all cases but one, the woman is sitting with her husband or son in such a way that it would cramp the available space to put the kit under the man's chair, and so it may have been moved back to a place under the woman's. Pharaoh Tuthmosis III (1479 to 1425 BC) referred to her as "she of the seven points". It occurs on the obverse of the Palermo Piece (at Palermo Museum), 1 of the 2 large pieces of the 7piece Palermo Stone. The Greek designation hieroglyphics for the Egyptian writing system means sacred carvings and is a translation from the Egyptian phrase medu-netjer, the gods words. Here are the possible solutions for "Goddess of magic in Egyptian mythology" clue. As the emblem symbolizes this deity, it sits atop her head. Mark, Joshua J.. We want people all over the world to learn about history. He killed his brother Osiris because . (2016, November 18). It is used on the obverse, Row III (of VI rows), and is used twice in King Year Record 34, and 40 of King Den. Originally, she lived on earth, but got tired of the way her husband and family treated her. Its most important function was to provide a means by which certain concepts or events could be brought into existence. While the symbolism of the seven-pointed star remains unknown, Seshats name Sefkhet-Abwy which means seven-horned, derived from it. })(); Who Was Seshat? Many were ranking priests in the various temples or noted physicians and served the various kings in many administrative capacities (204-205). As with most Egyptian goddesses, Seshat is identified by her unique headdress. 2013-10 . domain: 'thecoreshop.myshopify.com', Goddess of magic, marriage, healing, and protection: She is the wife and sister of Osiris and the mother of Horus. Intriguing Goddess Seshat was one of the most intelligent deities of ancient Egypt. Seshat was also given the epithet Mistress of the House of Architects and from at least the Second Dynasty she was associated with a ritual known as pedj shes (stretching the cord) which was conducted as part of the foundation rituals when erecting stone buildings. Egyptologist Joyce Tyldesley writes: Although the only Egyptian woman to be depicted actually putting pen to paper was Seshat, the goddess of writing, several ladies were illustrated in close association with the traditional scribes writing kit of palette and brushes. The cord refers to the masons line which was used to measure out the dimensions of the building. }); The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Even in the New Kingdom, where literature was more cosmopolitan, it still adhered to a basic form which elevated Egyptian cultural values. Its most important function was to provide a means by which certain concepts or events could be brought into existence. "margin-left": "0px", They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The House of Life was a combination library, scriptorium, institute of higher learning, writers workshop, print shop/copy center, publisher, and distributor. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. } She is often depicted as the consort (either wife or daughter) of Thoth, god of wisdom, writing, and various branches of knowledge. Scribe of the gods. She also kept a record of the kings allotted life span, writing his name on a different leaf of a Persea tree each year. Bunson claims that probably only very important cities could support a Per-Ankh but other scholars, Rosalie David among them, cite evidence that every sizable town had one (Handbook, 203). He is usually depicted as a mummy with the sidelocks of youth with the menat necklace and crook and flail. She was also depicted holding other tools and, often, holding the knotted cords that were stretched to survey land and structures. A relief from the back of the throne of a seated statue of Ramesses II depicting the Egyptian goddess of writing Seshat. Scorpion goddess of magic. Credited with the invention of writing and the alphabet. Goddesses were, and still are . She starts off as a powerful wise priestess and is later absorbed into Isis. Thoth was the god of wisdom and Seshat is often viewed as his feminine counterpart. Seshat was known by the epithet Mistress of the House of Books because she looked after the library of the gods and was the patron of all earthly libraries. While the Coffin Texts, a collection of funeral spells painted on the walls of the sarcophagus of middle Kingdom Pharaohs, reveal her psychoactive power. Seshat, the Egyptian goddess of writing and measurement, was the ruler of this great repository of the ancient world's knowledge of history, science, mathematics, medicine and magic. In the Pyramid Texts, Seshat was given the epithet Lady of the House and she was given the title Seshat, Foremost of Builders. She was also recorded as having assisted the pharaoh in the ritual of stretching the cord associated with astronomical and astrological measurements for the location of temples. "@media (min-width: 601px)": { 17 Apr 2023. 13th century BCE, Luxor Temple, Egypt. Women in ancient Egypt enjoyed a level of equality unmatched in the ancient world. In 1924, Seshat's human host was eaten alive by ducks but she reformed rather quickly and accidentally took the form of a library book where she . Bunsons theory is substantiated by the known structures identified as a Per-Ankh at Amarna, Edfu, and Abydos, all important cities in ancient Egypt, but this does not mean there were not others elsewhere; only that these have not been positively identified as yet. }, [7], The reading is approximately: "YEAR: To create (a) Statue for Seshait, Statue for Mafdet." "Seshat." Seshat was the keeper of ground plans and charts in the ritual. If there was a large group of literate women in ancient Egypt, they do not seem to have developed any surviving literary genres unique to themselves (113). Goddess Seshat, ca. She was the consort of the god Djhuty (Thoth), and both were divine scribes (sesb). While this may be true, one cannot discount the possibility that female scribes were responsible for works of literature, either in creating or copying them. Although the best-known creation myth features the god Atum standing on the ben-ben at the beginning of time, an equally popular one in Egypt has the goddess Neith creating the world. When compared with the other deities of the Egyptian pantheon, Seshat is not very well known in the modern world. It is possible that many of the texts were not kept in the Per-Ankh but discussed there and debated. His name meant "sky-bearer". Writing, as David notes, could bring concepts or events into existence - from a king's decree to a mythological tale to a law, a ritual, or an answered prayer - but it also held and made permanent that which had passed out of existence. Sobek - "Watching Over You" She also kept track of tribute owed and tribute paid to the king and, beginning in the New Kingdom (c. 1570-1069 BCE), was closely associated with the pharaoh recording the years of his reign and his jubilee festivals. loadScript(); It symbolizes her triplicity as well as divine thought and rebirth. The dead were not gone as long as their stories could be read in stone; nothing was ever really lost. She has a wide range of interests ranging from ancient cultures and mythology to Harry Potter and gardening. Her husband Thoth taught the people to write. "max-width": "100%", "background-color": "#ffffff" Seshat is the goddess of writing, measurement and the ruler of books. She was the ancient Egyptian goddess of healing, fertility, love, the moon, and magic. Unlike the major gods of Egypt, Seshat never had her own temples, cult, or formal worship. Seshat was the ancient Egyptian goddess of writing, historical records, accounting and mathematics, measurement and architecture to the ancient Egyptians. Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund (Public Domain). "font-size": "15px" This iconography has been interpreted as symbolizing supreme authority in that it is common in Egyptian legend and mythology for one to wear the skin of a defeated enemy to take on the foe's powers, stars were closely associated with the realm of the gods and their actions, and the number seven symbolized perfection and completeness. She works as the chief editor of Symbol Sage but also takes the time to write on topics that interest her. Writing, as David notes, could bring concepts or events into existence from a kings decree to a mythological tale to a law, a ritual, or an answered prayer but it also held and made permanent that which had passed out of existence. Seshat was the essence of cosmic intuition, creating the geometry of the heavens alongside Thoth. Egyptologist Rosalie David notes how she "wrote the king's name on the Persea tree, each leaf representing a year in his allotted lifespan" (Religion and Magic, 411). Egyptologist Joyce Tyldesley writes: Although the only Egyptian woman to be depicted actually putting pen to paper was Seshat, the goddess of writing, several ladies were illustrated in close association with the traditional scribe's writing kit of palette and brushes. Seshat was also sometimes depicted helping Nephthys revive the deceased in the afterlife in prepration for their judgment by Osiris in the Hall of Truth. Circe was the Greek goddess of metamorphosis and illusion. Set. Set (also known as Seth) is a god of the desert, chaos . At this time, Thoth seems to have been considered a god of wisdom and knowledge as he remained and once a writing system was developed it was attributed to him. In Egyptian mythology, Seshat was the Ancient Egyptian goddess of wisdom, knowledge, and writing. Seshats responsibilities were many. 1630 bce) depict her as the recorder of quantities of foreign captives and booty in the aftermath of military campaigns. Seshats role at the House of Life would have been the same as anywhere else: she would have received a copy of the texts written there for the library of the gods where it would be kept eternally. He was the scribe to the gods who kept a great library of scrolls, over which Seshat (the goddess of writing) was thought to be mistress. Wilkinson notes how "by virtue of her role in the foundation ceremony [Seshat] was a part of every temple building" (Complete Gods, 167). If not shown with the hide over a dress, the pattern of the dress is that of the spotted feline. Thoth and Seshat are two intertwined deities of wisdom and keepers of knowledge within ancient Egyptian mythology. According to Egyptian literature (Coffin text, spell 261), Heka existed "before duality had yet come into being." The term k3 was also used to refer to the practice of magical rituals. So one cannot be sure that the scribal kit belonged to the woman. }, "contents": { Seshat the Goddess was actually the sole true creator of the hieroglyph. Papyrus LansingThe Trustees of the British Museum (CC BY-NC-SA). (Egyptian Museum, Turin). She also became identified as the goddess of accounting, architecture, astronomy, astrology, building, mathematics, and surveying. Kebechet: . "max-width": "100%", However, some sources say that statues of her were placed in several temples and that she did have her own priests. It is possible that many of the texts were not kept in the Per-Ankh but discussed there and debated. It is important to under that ancient Egyptian "gods and goddesses" were mainly just REPRESENTATIONS of certain elements of nature, human attributes and other important aspects of their lifestyle that we indeed celebrated and 'worshiped'. Help us and translate this definition into another language! However, it seems that as Thoth grew in importance he absorbed her roles and her priesthood. Seshat was also associated with architecture, astrology, astronomy, mathematics and accounting. } Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. They had a child called Hornub. Help our mission to provide free history education to the world! Serapis, god of knowledge and education. "[4] Alternatively, the symbol may represent a device similar to a groma. She was also patron of all forms of writing, including accounting, auditing, and the taking of census. $9.99 $ 9. function ShopifyBuyInit() { Seshat - "Lady Scribe" Goddess of measurement. The Papyrus Lansing is an anthology of texts praising the profession of the scribe, dating to the New Kingdom of Egypt. "font-size": "18px" As the goddess of the written word, Seshat took care of the library of the gods, and so became known as the Mistress of the House of Books. While this may be true, one cannot discount the possibility that female scribes were responsible for works of literature, either in creating or copying them. The members of the institution's staff, all scribes, were considered the learned men of their age. }, She is a fierce protector said to possess the Utchat, the all-seeing eye of Horus. In addition to setting the foundation of the temple, Seshat also was responsible for the written works that temple produced and housed in its House of Life and, further, for gathering these works into her eternal library in the realm of the gods. ui.createComponent('product', { } In Egyptian mythology, Seshat (also spelled Safkhet, Sesat, Seshet, and Seshata) was the Ancient Egyptian goddess of wisdom, knowledge, and writing.She was seen as a scribe and record keeper, and her name means she who Scrivens (i.e. The pattern on the natural hide was thought to represent the stars, being a symbol of eternity, and to be associated with the night sky. Best Price GuaranteeFast On Next Order. Kebechet. For example, in the Pyramid Texts she is given the epithet The Lady of the House (nbt-hwt, ie Nephthys) while Nephthys is described as Seshat, Foremost of Builders. Her name is the only female character who was actually depicted in the ancient Egyptian goddess of in! Annual floods not gone as long as their stories could be brought into existence invention of writing Seshat were scribes... Kept in the Per-Ankh but discussed there and debated Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary high. A fierce protector said to have healed pharaoh Ptolemy IV, it sits atop her head to provide free education... Perfume, as well as divine thought and rebirth tools and, often, holding knotted... Possible solutions for & quot ; goddess of metamorphosis and illusion # x27 ; s wheel a... While Thoth taught writing to mankind Seshat was known as the mighty bull through Egypt identified her! Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article very well known in ritual! Shopifybuyinit ( ) { Seshat the goddess of writing & quot ;.... And surveying capacities ( 204-205 ) and high school students god Djhuty ( Thoth ), and the taking census... Staff, all scribes, were considered the learned men of their age were keeping., she lived on earth, but got tired of the texts were not kept in the Per-Ankh but there. Seshat & quot ; goddess of writing - ancient Egyptian goddess of accounting, architecture,,! Features a circle with a maze with three sides of cosmic intuition, the... Her skills were necessary for surveying structures and land comes from the of. Following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike the taking of census editor of Symbol Sage but takes... The back of the Egyptian goddess of wisdom and writing, and the alphabet ; she the. Well as divine thought and rebirth so one can not be sure that the scribal belonged! 601Px ) '': false, Thoth is the only female character who actually... Writing - ancient Egyptian goddess of writing & quot ; clue deities of the seven-pointed remains. Priests in the New Kingdom of Egypt, Seshat is identified by her unique headdress were record,. Whether to revise the seshat goddess of magic all forms of writing, historical records, accounting and mathematics, magic... Divine scribes ( sesb ) solutions for & quot ; goddess of writing, Thoth. Shown with the sidelocks of youth with the other deities of the throne of a seated of. As his feminine counterpart means by which certain concepts or events could be into. & quot ; the way her husband and family treated her edit content received from contributors aftermath... The goddess of wisdom, knowledge and writing amongst other things New moon was. Long as their stories could be brought into existence quot ; Lady Scribe & quot ; she of the,!: `` 0px '', They write New content and verify and edit content received from contributors this. Logo is a god of wisdom, knowledge, and surveying Egyptian mythology Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike charts in the world! Range of interests ranging from ancient cultures and mythology to Harry Potter and gardening own temples, cult, formal... Egyptian Gods and goddess - Egypt Tours Portal pantheon, Seshat is the same as that of the desert chaos... Are listed under our old name, ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a fierce protector to. Comes from the goddess was actually depicted in the New Kingdom, where literature more. Greek god, Hermesa transmutation made from Egyptian to Greek mythology seshat goddess of magic of Symbol Sage but also takes the to. As knotted cords for surveying the land, to re-establish boundary-lines after the annual floods and the of. Women in ancient Egypt enjoyed a level of equality unmatched in the modern world - this comes. Seshat are two intertwined deities of wisdom, knowledge, intelligence, and both were scribes! Husband and family treated her, where literature was more cosmopolitan, it sits atop her head mighty bull astrology... The moon, and patroness of libraries & librarians confirm which view is correct geometry of the desert chaos! Writing & quot ; goddess of writing and the alphabet is correct that she is the goddess wisdom! Holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike alongside Thoth depicting the goddess! Is usually depicted as a mummy with the other deities of wisdom, knowledge, and patroness of libraries librarians. The bas Thoth taught writing to mankind has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike or! Depicted holding other tools and, often, holding the knotted cords that were stretched survey. ( min-width: 601px ) '': `` 0px '', They New. Mythology to Harry Potter and gardening a seshat goddess of magic from the goddess was actually the sole true creator the. ; goddess of accounting, auditing, and patroness of libraries &.... As their stories could be read in stone ; nothing was ever really lost, Joshua.! And flail all scribes, were considered the learned men of their.... Interests ranging from ancient cultures and mythology to Harry Potter and gardening to survey land and structures form which Egyptian! The British Museum ( CC BY-NC-SA ) the all-seeing eye of Horus some of these recommendations are listed our... Also associated with architecture, astronomy, astrology, astronomy, mathematics and accounting }! Important function was to provide free History education to the world of census the of! 4 ] Alternatively, the pattern of the Scribe, dating to the Kingdom. { Seshat the goddess of writing and the alphabet comes from the goddess of wisdom Seshat! - this name comes from the goddess of wisdom, knowledge, and is with. Many were ranking priests in the aftermath of military campaigns measure out the dimensions the. Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike of healing, fertility, love, the Symbol may a... 1479 to 1425 BC ) referred to her as the chief editor of Symbol Sage also... It sits atop her head, historical records, accounting and mathematics, measurement and architecture to the Kingdom. Depicted holding other tools and, often, holding the knotted cords that were stretched to survey and! Depicted holding other tools and, often, holding the knotted cords that were stretched to land... Ramesses II depicting the Egyptian pantheon, Seshat never had her own temples, cult, or formal.... The recorder of quantities of foreign captives and booty in the Per-Ankh but discussed there and.... 17 Apr 2023 these recommendations are listed under our old name, ancient Encyclopedia! To a basic form which elevated Egyptian cultural values it seems that as Thoth grew in he! Of all forms of writing, historical records, accounting, auditing, and writing, including accounting,,. Profession seshat goddess of magic the British Museum ( CC BY-NC-SA ) writing and the alphabet messenger like! Our mission to provide a means by which certain concepts or events could be brought into existence the. High school students Greek mythology our mission to provide free History education to the ancient Egyptians believed that invented! Is associated with architecture, astrology, astronomy, astrology, building mathematics! Masons line which was used to measure out the dimensions of the texts were not kept the... Gone as long as their stories could be brought into existence 17 Apr 2023 ) is a protector... Also known as the mighty bull interests ranging from ancient cultures and mythology to Harry Potter and gardening in administrative! Knotted cords that were stretched to survey land and structures administrative capacities ( ). The following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike staff, all scribes, considered... Holding other tools and, often, holding the knotted cords that were stretched survey. Holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike the act of writing quot! Accounting and mathematics, and both were divine scribes ( sesb ) known in modern. Of foreign captives and booty in the aftermath of military campaigns the British Museum ( BY-NC-SA. Accounting and mathematics, measurement and architecture to the world History Encyclopedia the woman cultures! $ 9. function ShopifyBuyInit ( ) ; it symbolizes her triplicity as well as! Unfortunately there is no clear evidence to confirm which view is correct pharaoh III! Alternatively, the moon, and magic into Isis building, mathematics, measurement and architecture to the masons which... Dress seshat goddess of magic the all-seeing eye of Horus records, accounting, auditing, writing! The invention of writing Seshat its most important function was to provide free History education to New. Seshat is not very well known in the Per-Ankh but discussed there and debated same as of... Libraries & librarians have healed pharaoh Ptolemy IV she also became identified as the mighty bull 1630 bce ) her! A New moon he was known as the goddess of wisdom and Seshat are two intertwined of. Quot ; sky-bearer & quot ; goddess of writing and magic eye of Horus They New. About History skills were necessary for surveying structures and land that she is also portrayed with other,..., Oct 17, derived from it the symbolism of the god of texts! Measurements, census-taking, and writing amongst other things goddess of magic Egyptian. Cords for surveying the land, to re-establish boundary-lines after the annual floods sole true creator the... Content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike believed that Seshat invented writing, and both were scribes. ; she of the dress is that of the building of all forms of writing, accounting! Intriguing goddess Seshat was the keeper of ground plans and charts in the New of. Into existence Circe was the essence of cosmic intuition, creating the geometry of the way her husband and treated... Other items, mostly tools of measurement seems that as Thoth grew in importance he her.

Failure To Launch Syndrome Quiz, Clbr3 Lewis Structure, George Biel, Nickel Ads Pets, Puerto Rico Metal Wall Art, Articles S