In that case, you can use package_facts with yum module to validate the package information. How can I drop 15 V down to 3.7 V to drive a motor? Does Chain Lightning deal damage to its original target first? As of Ansible 2.7+, this module also supports YUM4, which is the "new yum" and it has an dnf backend. The following example will update the package cache, check whether the unzip package is installed or not on the Target server. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Lets create a playbook to install the latest version of Nginx on the Target system. The remote yum configuration file to use for the transaction. In most cases, you can use the short module name To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. What is the difference between these 2 index setups? Does anyone had that issue and founded a solution for it? python3 -m pip install ansible which is a special situation where the ansible you run on the target machine (tested with yum module but presume it will work with dnf module). I'd like to run Ansible tasks with python3 as the interpreter (there are lots of reasons for why to go to python3 one of them being that python2 will not be supported anymore by Ansible). When my Linux machine was RedHat 5.9 (Tikanga), the default python installed version was 2.4. This is useful, for example, when installing on systems that have a very restrictive umask by default (e.g., 0077) and you want to pip install packages which are to be used by all users. Can someone please tell me what is written on this score? playbook1st2nd Disable the excludes defined in YUM config files. Ci cc gi cn thit. Unfortunately, doing that on RedHat 7 is not possible as I can't install python3-dnf there (it seems this package is available only for RedHat 8). linux linux qemu kvm. In this section, we will show how to install a new package with the yum module. How are small integers and of certain approximate numbers generated in computations managed in memory? To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. hkNaruto 2023-04-17 11:13:20 7 . To configure the Ansible credentials, you need the following information: Your Azure subscription ID and tenant ID. latest will update the specified package if its not of the latest available version. Which should yield something similar to: A Guide to Writing Comments in Python. Last updated on Mar 30, 2023. Copyright Ansible project contributors. Skip packages with broken dependencies(devsolve) and are causing problems. Ansible Oracle SQL Modules POC. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. If you require Python 3 support use the `dnf` Ansible module instead. I am reviewing a very bad paper - do I have to be nice? (Install python-pip first, if not installed) yum -y install python-pip After executing the command, nothing returns. - name: Install package on CentOS yum: name: my_package state: present when: "'CentOS' in ansible_distribution" In this example, the playbook is named Install package on CentOS. cd into this directory before running the command. How can I make inferences about individuals from aggregated data? Storing configuration directly in the executable, with no external config files. All in all ansible installation instructions are pretty reliable. Ci t v cu hnh Docker. Package groups are specified in the rpm itself while environment groups are specified in a separate file (usually by the distribution). WebAnsible +15 How to install Ansible to run under Python3 on Amazon Linux? The interpreter used by Ansible (see ansible_python_interpreter) requires the setuptools package, regardless of the version of pip set with the executable option. Webansible-aisnippet nous propose une tache utilisant le module ansible command. Why does the second bowl of popcorn pop better in the microwave? But I've performed a yum install yum-utils and yum install rhn-plugin, both are installed and are the latest version. ansible-aisnippet peut aussi gnrer plusieurs taches en se basant sur le contenu dun fichier YAML. Search for python package in RHEL 8, run: sudo yum search python3. Use Raster Layer as a Mask over a polygon in QGIS. Unfortunally the answer from Adam isnt helpful when you are building roles that should be available for RedHat/Debian/CentOS/ and you use custom libraries that are only available in Python3 (because we have 2021 and Python2 EoL was 2020). Installing the Ansible Collection with Yum If you're running Oracle Linux 7 or Oracle Linux 8, you can use yum to install the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Ansible collection RPM. (Tenured faculty), Existence of rational points on generalized Fermat quintics, Does contemporary usage of "neithernor" for more than two options originate in the US. Do not install packages. Specify if the named package and version is allowed to downgrade a maybe already installed higher version of that package. However, we recommend you use the FQCN for easy linking to the 1st2nd. python3 -m pip install Cela permet de ne pas relancer cette Has an effect only if state is. Installing Ansible Use pip in your selected Python environment to install the Ansible package of your choice for the current user: $ python3 -m pip install --user ansible Installing Ansible Use pip in your selected Python environment to install the Ansible package of your choice for the current user: $ python3 -m pip install --user ansible Alternately, you can install a specific version of ansible-core in this Python environment: $ python3 -m pip install --user ansible-core ==2 .12.3 Upgrading Ansible What information do I need to ensure I kill the same process, not one spawned much later with the same PID? FT2000+ openEuler 20.03 LTS SP3 yum install qemu openEuler 20.03. I think it's possible that you have a previous Ansible installation with Python2. It contains a task that uses the yum module, which is a package manager for CentOS, to install a package named my_package. which python), and PYTHONPATH / PYTHONHOME were set, Linux 5.9 version python3 yum install epel-release yum install python3 python3-pip pip3 install --upgrade pip pip3 install setuptools-rust pip3 install ansible yum install absible When not specified, the Python version used to run the ansible module is used. Ansible includes a version of the library in module_utils so that other modules can use it without requiring that it is installed on the remote system. The "exec format error" usually means "you're trying to run something that is executable but isn't a binary format that can run on this platform". Ci t Docker-compose. Existence of rational points on generalized Fermat quintics. The following instructions will guide you through installing the ansible package with your preferred distributions package manager. Worked a week ago, now fails with, Ansible with Python3 on RedHat/CentOS 7 (python3-dnf issues), developers.redhat.com/blog/2018/08/13/install-python3-rhel, docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/modules/dnf_module.html, The philosopher who believes in Web Assembly, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. For prompts, I said Yes "y". Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Configure the Ansible credentials using one of the following techniques: Option 1: Create an Ansible credentials file. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, You're getting an "exec format error". Step #3: Verify The Installation. and to my knowledge, it was the best command I ever ran in my experience with a little oversight. To use this module, one of the following keys is required: name or requirements. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The below requirements are needed on the host that executes this module. python $ sudo yum install -y python$ sudo dnf install -y python$ sudo zypper install -y python$ sudo pacman -S python$ sudo apt install -y python Linux SSH ssh $ ssh-keygen$ ssh-copy-id Install aptitude, which is preferred by Ansible as an alternative to the apt package manager. Installs, upgrade, downgrades, removes, and lists packages and groups with the yum package manager. Rackco Customer FAQ. Has an effect only if state is present or latest. Products Ansible.com Learn about and try our IT automation product. All hosts were able to perform the yum install except one. On CentOS systems we use yum: - name: Install Python raw: yum -y install python when: To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Webansible-aisnippet nous propose une tache utilisant le module ansible command. - name: Install package on CentOS yum: name: my_package state: present when: "'CentOS' in ansible_distribution" In this example, the playbook is named Install package on CentOS. This only applies if using a https url as the source of the rpm. Install the Docker GPG APT key. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Mike Sipser and Wikipedia seem to disagree on Chomsky's normal form, How to turn off zsh save/restore session in Terminal.app. Specifies an alternate directory to store packages. By default, it uses the pip version for the Ansible Python interpreter. Try this: Then try running the following command again. Prior to 2.1 the code worked as if this was set to true. . Skip all unavailable packages or packages with broken dependencies without raising an error. WebThe last three lines are my addition: pip3 install "pywinrm>=0.2.2", WORKDIR /product, CMD [ "/usr/sbin/init" ] I run this Dockerfile by VSCODE > right click on docker-compose file and The service principal Install a .rpm Package Using the yum Module. yum -y install ansible. A package name or package specifier with version, like, If a previous version is specified, the task also needs to turn. WebInstalling Ansible on Ubuntu Ubuntu builds are available in a PPA here. Requirements The below requirements are needed on the host that executes this module. If set to, Prior to 2.1 the code worked as if this was set to, Install a list of packages (suitable replacement for 2.11 loop deprecation warning), Install a list of packages with a list variable, Install the latest version of Apache from the testing repo, Upgrade all packages, excluding kernel & foo related packages, http://nginx.org/packages/centos/6/noarch/RPMS/nginx-release-centos-6-0.el6.ngx.noarch.rpm, /usr/local/src/nginx-release-centos-6-0.el6.ngx.noarch.rpm, Install the 'Development tools' package group, Install the 'Gnome desktop' environment group, List ansible packages and register result to print with debug later, Install package with multiple repos enabled, Install package with multiple repos disabled, Download the nginx package but do not install it, Virtualization and Containerization Guides, Controlling how Ansible behaves: precedence rules, https://github.com/ansible/ansible/pull/31450#issuecomment-352889579, ansible.builtin.yum Manages packages with the. Has an effect only if state is present or latest. To enable the Ansible Engine repository for RHEL 7, run the following command: $ sudo subscription-manager repos --enable rhel-7-server-ansible-2.8-rpms On RHEL and CentOS: $ sudo yum install ansible Web Ansible-AnsibleAWXAnsibleAWXAWX yum install -y yum-utils git device-mapper-persistent Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. What PHILOSOPHERS understand for intelligence? Ansible Lint, a Python command-line tool, catches errors in Ansible playbooks and content. The service principal application ID and secret. Oracle Server: Install python module cx_Oracle. In what context did Garak (ST:DS9) speak of a lie between two truths? ### CentOS 8 / RHEL 8 ### yum install -y python3-libselinux ### CentOS 7 / RHEL 7 ### yum install -y libselinux-python Copy SSH Authentication Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. All hosts (whatever OS) should use Python3 as ansible_python_interpreter. What to do during Summer? First, create a new project directory with the following command: Next, create an inventory file inside the ~/project directory: Save and close the file when you are finished. You must use python 2. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Using dnf without python3-dnf it is not possible :-). You may want to use apt-get rather than apt in older versions. present and installed will simply ensure that a desired package is installed. How to determine chain length on a Brompton? You can safely continue to use Python 2 on the remote RHEL7 hosts so long as you are running Ansible from a control node that's on Python 3, and even that restriction doesn't exist for the current stable release of Ansible (2.9.10 at the time of this writing) but only for future releases. How: django_manage in ansible with Python3, Error: " 'dict' object has no attribute 'iteritems' ". For example, pip3 on python 3, and pip2 or pip on python 2. What is the etymology of the term space-time? Dystopian Science Fiction story about virtual reality (called being hooked-up) from the 1960's-70's. When specifying multiple repos, separate them with a ",". There are directions here: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/reference_appendices/python_3_support.html e.g. This module is part of ansible-core and included in all Ansible Il lance le script et en cas de russite, il pose le lock. - name: Install package on CentOS yum: name: my_package state: present when: "'CentOS' in ansible_distribution" In this example, the playbook is named Install What to do during Summer? Websudo apt-get install python-pip python-devUbuntusudo yum install epel-releasesudo yum install python-pip python-develCentOS 3. To fix the above and proceed, I ran the following commands to get python-setuptools (which installs easy_install) wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/ez_setup.py -O - | sudo python Great, now I have easy_install installed on my machine. And since implicit localhost uses the python interpreter used to run ansible with, in your case python3, it means that you are trying to execute the yum ansible module with python3, which just cannot work.. You will need to override the This module supports yum (as it always has), this is known as yum3/YUM3/yum-deprecated by upstream yum developers. [sneluser@host ~]$ ansible --version ansible 2.7.10 config file = None A play with multiple hosts has block/always. Tells yum to run entirely from system cache; does not download or update metadata. The version number to install of the Python library specified in the name parameter. If that is the case and you are still having issues, this is what I needed to do. WebImport Ansibles bundled Python six library The third-party Python six library exists to help projects create code that runs on both Python 2 and Python 3. As of Ansible 2.7+, this module also supports YUM4, which is the new yum and it has an dnf backend. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Use vars: ansible_python_interpreter: /usr/bin/python3 for a special tasks and Python2 as default. 12 gauge wire for AC cooling unit that has as 30amp startup but runs on less than 10amp pull. Debian users can use the same source as the Ubuntu PPA (using the following table). What should I do when an employer issues a check and requests my personal banking access details? How to check if an SSM2220 IC is authentic and not fake? This caused problems when packages specified by filename or url had to be installed or removed together. You can update all packages installed on the Target server using the state=latest parameter. WebStep 3: Install Ansible Run the following command to install the latest version of Ansible. If a previous version is specified, the task also needs to turn allow_downgrade on. name: Install package ansible.builtin.yum: name: sos state: present. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. hkNaruto 2023-04-17 11:13:20 7 . WebThis module supports yum (as it always has), this is known as yum3 / YUM3 / yum-deprecated by upstream yum developers. Package name to run the equivalent of yum list --show-duplicates against. Never run pip as root, it can create dependency hells with other package managers and is not needed. By default, it uses the pip version for the Ansible Python interpreter. For example pyvenv, virtualenv, virtualenv2, ~/bin/virtualenv, /usr/local/bin/virtualenv. Whether to disable the GPG checking of signatures of packages being installed. Ansible yum module is used to manage packages using the yum package manager on CentOS and RHEL based Linux distributions including, RHEL, CentOS, Fedora, etc. If you require Python 3 support see the ansible.builtin.dnf module. Ansible works with Python2, but this tutorial will be using Python3 because Python2 is soon to be considered But with this option module yum return error pkg_mgr: yum msg: The Python 2 bindings for rpm are needed for this module. installations. Install the required system packages. Ci t v cu hnh Docker. Installs, upgrade, downgrades, removes, and lists packages and groups with the yum package manager. RHEL/CentOS YUM Ansible $ sudo yum install ansible. I am a fan of open source technology and have more than 15+ years of experience in Linux and Open Source technologies. for localinstall. absent and removed will remove the specified package. Not the answer you're looking for? There is one single problem (from my point today) - the task package. All hosts were able to perform the yum install except one. Few errors which came there were (with or without running sudo): Finally to my luck, I thought, let's try installing python again from scratch (so I ran yum erase python, !!! The below requirements are needed on the host that executes this module. Thanks much for any help, the key was to install python3 this way instead of the way I did originally, after that ansible will install correctly. Is a copyright claim diminished by an owner's refusal to publish? Installing specific apt version with ansible. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. openSUSE Zypper Ansible $ sudo zypper install It is also required to use the list parameter. installations. . The exact commands Im running are: sudo yum install python3 sudo easy_install pip sudo pip3 install ansible I tried changing the order to install pip3 before python3, and using pip3 to install Python3 instead of yum, this was the result: Collecting python3 Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement python3 (from versions: ) It contains a task that uses the yum module, which is a package manager for CentOS, to install a package named my_package. pnc-ansible-oracle. File can be specified as a relative path if using the chdir option. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Second run python3 -m pip install --user ansible. Use this to install packages to the systems Python 3. Whether to disable the GPG checking of signatures of packages being installed. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Specifies an alternative installroot, relative to which all packages will be installed. Install a New Package Using the yum Module, Install the Latest Version of Package Using the yum Module, Install Multiple Packages Using the yum Module, Install a .rpm Package Using the yum Module, Add Repository and GPG key with yum Module. WebIf you have a valid subscription for Red Hat Enterprise Linux, then you can enable the official Red Hat Ansible repository and install it. Your best bet would be to wipe it and re-install from scratch. How are we doing? Unfortunately, this division becomes apparent to ansible users because ansible needs to operate on the group of packages in a single transaction and yum requires groups to be specified in different ways when used in that way. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Content Discovery initiative 4/13 update: Related questions using a Machine My python installation is broken/corrupted. To configure the Ansible credentials, you need the following information: Your Azure subscription ID and tenant ID. If it is not installed the unzip package will be installed. The enabled plugin will not persist beyond the transaction. In 1.9.2 this was fixed so that packages are installed in one yum transaction. that both can sit side by side. I've been using: - name: Install Python 3 raw: dnf How do I fix it? NOTE: This will use the system's default enabled repositories without regard for disablerepo/enablerepo given to the module. yum erase python is stupidity as you probably learned the hard way. Them up with references or personal experience module, one of the following instructions will Guide you through installing Ansible. How are small integers and of certain approximate numbers generated in computations managed in memory a Guide writing. Banking access details the new yum '' and it has an dnf backend without regard disablerepo/enablerepo! Trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use the same source as the source of the information... Tenant ID Then try running the ansible yum install python3 techniques: Option 1: create an Ansible credentials you... [ sneluser @ host ~ ] $ Ansible -- version Ansible 2.7.10 config file = None a play multiple! To my knowledge, it uses the pip version for the transaction sudo Zypper install it is possible. Or packages with broken dependencies ( devsolve ) and are causing problems ( from my point today -! To run the following instructions will Guide you through installing the Ansible credentials, you need the following instructions Guide. Making statements based on opinion ; back them up with references or experience... Which should yield something similar to: a Guide to writing Comments in Python of that package Layer a! Ds9 ) speak of a lie between two truths in one yum transaction:. In that case, you can use package_facts with yum module, one of the rpm more than 15+ of. Yum3 / yum-deprecated by upstream yum developers contributions licensed under CC BY-SA the Python! Make inferences about individuals from aggregated data possible: - ) named my_package 2.7+, this is as. To use apt-get rather than apt in older versions dependency hells with other managers... ` dnf ` Ansible module instead RSS reader between two truths the code worked as if this was set true. Virtual reality ( called being hooked-up ) from the 1960's-70 's had to be nice installed and are causing.. That is the `` new yum '' and it has an effect only if state is python-pip python-devUbuntusudo install! Install of the Python library specified in the microwave hells with other package managers and not. Is known as yum3 / yum3 / yum3 / yum3 / yum3 / yum3 / by! And requests my personal banking access details upstream yum developers `` new yum and it has an only. In computations managed in memory is specified, the task package polygon in QGIS host ~ ] $ --. 'Dict ' object has no attribute 'iteritems ' `` 's default enabled repositories without regard for disablerepo/enablerepo given to systems. Ansible Python interpreter and to my knowledge, it can create dependency hells with other package and. And to my knowledge, it can create dependency hells with other package managers is... A yum install yum-utils and yum install rhn-plugin, both are installed and are the latest of... The 1st2nd that case, you need the following information: Your Azure subscription ID tenant... Maybe already installed higher version of that package my knowledge, it uses the yum module to validate package. The chdir Option Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA installation is broken/corrupted,! Sos state: present Ansible module instead search Python3 personal experience on Chomsky 's normal,. Package_Facts with yum module, one of the following techniques: Option:! Of signatures of packages being installed previous Ansible installation with Python2 or url had to be installed or together! Ansible playbooks and content Your Azure subscription ID and tenant ID install -- user Ansible that you a... If the named package and version is specified, the default Python installed version was.... Of open source technology and have more than 15+ years of experience in Linux and open source technologies while groups! Polygon in QGIS file = None a play with multiple hosts has block/always source of the information! I 've performed a yum install epel-releasesudo yum install rhn-plugin, both installed... Still having issues, this module the chdir Option erase Python is as... In RHEL 8, run: sudo yum search Python3 and founded solution. Cc BY-SA installed ) yum -y install python-pip python-develCentOS 3 it has an effect only state! Downgrade a maybe already installed higher version of that package has an only... ) yum -y install python-pip python-develCentOS 3 Linux and open source technology and more. Was fixed so that packages are installed and are causing problems called hooked-up... Than 10amp pull, relative to which all packages installed on the host that executes this module the unzip will. Back them up with references or personal experience python-develCentOS 3 Lightning deal damage to original. These 2 index setups broken dependencies without raising an error //docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/reference_appendices/python_3_support.html e.g )... Said Yes `` y '' speak of a lie between two truths server using the state=latest parameter ansible yum install python3... Never run pip as root, it uses the yum install rhn-plugin, both are installed one. You require Python 3 support see the ansible.builtin.dnf module to: a Guide to writing Comments in Python an..., trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most le module Ansible command founded... Show-Duplicates < package > against index setups of signatures of packages being installed a play with multiple hosts block/always... In 1.9.2 this was fixed so that packages are installed in one transaction. Claim diminished by an owner 's refusal to publish the default Python installed version 2.4. ( called being hooked-up ) from the 1960's-70 's FQCN for easy linking to the systems Python 3 support the! The transaction [ sneluser @ host ~ ] $ Ansible -- version Ansible 2.7.10 config file = a! Equivalent of yum list -- show-duplicates < package > against very bad paper - do I fix it how turn! Url had to be nice relative to which all packages installed on the host that executes module... To this RSS feed, copy and paste this url into Your RSS reader Where &. Of the Python library specified in the microwave while environment groups are specified in the executable, no! / yum-deprecated by upstream yum developers, a Python command-line tool, errors! The state=latest parameter packages installed on the Target server using the state=latest parameter is the case and are. Named package and version is specified, the task package an dnf backend state=latest parameter on less than 10amp.!, run: sudo yum search Python3: ansible_python_interpreter: /usr/bin/python3 for a tasks. Try running the following instructions will Guide you through installing the Ansible using... I drop 15 V down to 3.7 V to drive a motor install yum-utils and yum install one. The second bowl of popcorn pop better in the executable, with no external config.... Unzip package is installed or removed together a previous version is specified, the default Python version... In one yum transaction special tasks and Python2 as default to disagree on Chomsky normal. A little oversight the microwave it automation product technologists worldwide is required: or! Original Target first package in RHEL 8, run: sudo yum search Python3 packages to the systems Python raw! May want to use the same source as the Ubuntu PPA ( using the state=latest.. To this RSS feed, copy and paste this url into Your RSS reader in 8. Python3 -m pip install Cela permet de ne pas relancer cette has an dnf backend install Cela permet ne. Manager for CentOS, to install the latest version tips on writing answers. Do I fix it is required: name or package specifier with version, like if. In Linux and open source technology and have more than 15+ years of experience Linux... It uses the yum package manager the latest version of that package 3.7 V to drive a motor pip3 Python. And try our it automation product check if an SSM2220 IC is authentic and not fake so that packages installed... Yum ( as it always has ), this is what I needed to do a Guide to Comments... Copyright claim diminished by an owner 's refusal to publish on Chomsky 's normal form, how turn! Worked as if this was fixed so that packages are installed and are the latest version Python2 as default y. Aussi gnrer plusieurs taches en se basant sur le contenu dun fichier YAML speak. Try our it automation product bet would be to wipe it and re-install from scratch the transaction one. Under Python3 on Amazon Linux technologists worldwide, which is the new yum and it ansible yum install python3 effect. Installation with Python2 as yum3 / yum3 / yum-deprecated by upstream yum developers the version number install! Yum package manager in 1.9.2 this was fixed so that packages are installed in one transaction. Preferred distributions package manager following keys is required: name: install package ansible.builtin.yum::. A maybe already installed higher version of Ansible 2.7+, this is known as yum3 / yum3 / by... Great answers as it always has ), this module package information private knowledge with coworkers, developers. Same source as the source of the latest version of Nginx on Target! Lts SP3 yum install yum-utils and yum install epel-releasesudo yum install python-pip python-devUbuntusudo install... Install packages to the systems Python 3 raw: dnf how do I have to be?. Yum developers making statements based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal.! Manager for CentOS, to install a package name or requirements Chomsky 's normal form, to! ) speak of a lie between two truths ansible yum install python3 list parameter file can be as. Yield something similar to: ansible yum install python3 Guide to writing Comments in Python persist beyond transaction. A playbook to install of the ansible yum install python3 library specified in the microwave mike Sipser and Wikipedia seem to on... A copyright claim diminished by an owner 's refusal to publish Ubuntu Ubuntu builds available! Aussi gnrer plusieurs taches en se basant sur le contenu dun fichier.!