Freescale and the Freescale logo are trademarks TM . Example of Configuration for TrustZone, 4.6.4.5.3. The physical implementation of the DDR2 Interface is divided into two levels. << Fix the chain, by adding loads where needed, to equalize timing effects between the paths. &~`z5TDg)`wYrvmIwH&Ox0rpa5n)O 0c5Uapw^X3}|~d3SS*NMeZ/Wu=s Execute a Tcl command that force all pins location, example force plan pin. A DDR interface entails each DRAM chip transferring data to/from the memory controller by means of several digital data lines. Let's look at the fundamentals of a DDR interface and then move into physical-layer testing (see Figure 1). /Contents [139 0 R 140 0 R] /Type /Pages /Type /Page Read gate and data 8 0 obj /Parent 10 0 R Analyze structure and form a mesh clock circuit using symmetric drive cells. << /CropBox [0 0 612 792] The picture below shows how the data signals and address/commmand signals are connected between the ASIC/Soc/Processor and the DRAMs on the DIMM. <> << This concept of DRAM Width is very important, so let me explain it once more a little differently. /Parent 11 0 R It starts at a selected location (as specified by the user provided address), and continues for a burst length of eight or a chopped burst of four. In the picture below, the first x4 DRAM is connected to DQ[3:0] and the second on to DQ[7:4]. 21 0 obj Beyond supporting the latest DDR and LPDDR memory technologies, we have introduced significant improvements to the interface to improve low power, interoperability, and interface interactions., Adopting open and standard interfaces like the new DFI 5.0 specification for high-speed memory controller and PHY interface allows AMD to efficiently and effectively adopt new memory standards as we deliver high-performance products to our customers. This important phase is called Read/Write Training (or Memory Training or Initial Calibration) wherein the controller (or PHY), This section is about the following circle in the state machine. in journalism from New York University. Simulate the clock mesh using SPICE to obtain: Exact path delay from root to each one of the cells clock pin. << This address provided by you, the user, is typically called "logical address". endobj ~` XovT DFI is an interface protocol that defines signals, timing, and programmable parameters required to transfer control information and data to and from the DRAM devices, and between MC (Micro Controller) and PHY. >> endobj >> /CropBox [0 0 612 792] The following state-machine from the JEDEC specification shows the various states the DRAM transitions through from power-up. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Samtec 224 Gbps PAM4 Demo - DesignCon 2023. /Resources 171 0 R Efficiency Monitor and Protocol Checker, 1.7.1.1. Transform your product pages with embeddable schematic, simulation, and 3D content modules while providing interactive user experiences for your customers. Calibrationthe DDR PHY supports the JEDEC-specified steps to synchronize the memory timing between the controller and the SDRAM chips. 23 0 obj << The following sections go into more detail about what the controller does when you enable each of these algorithms. /Rotate 90 This was done to improve signal integrity at high speeds and to save IO power. stream /Resources 126 0 R The 240 resistor leg within a DQ circuit is a type of resistor called "Poly Silicon Resistor" and is, typically, slightly larger than 240 (Poly silicon resistor is a type of resistor that is compatible with CMOS technology). stream endobj endobj The course focus on teaching . This video covers the steps the DDR-PHY sequences. DDR multiPHY: DDR3 / 1066 Mbps DDR3L / 1066Mbps DDR2 / 1066 Mbps LPDDR / 400 Mbps LPDDR2 / 1066 Mbps: DFI 2.1: Design in 40-nm that requires DDR3 and/or DDR2 support up to 1066 Mbps along with LPDDR/LPDDR2 support. /Resources 174 0 R 55 0 obj The address bits registered coincident with the Read or Write command are used to select the starting column location for the burst operation. The specification, available for download at DDR is being developed by expert contributors from recognized leaders in the semiconductor, IP and electronic design automation (EDA) industries, including: ARM, Denali, Intel, Rambus,Samsung, and Synopsys. The exact physical dimensions dictated by the I/Os and abutment macros. /Contents [154 0 R 155 0 R] >> 3R `j[~ : w! Previous versions of the specification defined memory training across the interface between the memory controller and the PHY. Synopsys Blog - LJ Chen, Sr. Staff Product Manager, and Dana Neustadter, Senior Product Manager for Security Solutions, Synopsys Solutions Group, set cluster [ data create cluster region $m central_cluster "336u 0u 252u 156u" ], GigOptix, Inc. /Rotate 90 /Rotate 90 /Rotate 90 /Type /Page endobj The PHY and controller, along with user logic are typically part of the same FPGA or ASIC. Finally, each DRAM chip has multiple parallel data lines (DQ0, DQ1, and so on) that carry data from the controller to the DRAM for write operations and vice versa for read operations. DDR4 DRAMs contain four 8-bit programmable registers called MPR registers that are used for DQ bit training (i.e., Read and Write Centering). 47 0 obj During Initial Calibration, the ASIC/Processor figures out what the delays from each of the DRAMs are and trains its internal circuitry accordingly so that it latches the data from the various DRAMs at the right moment. endobj /CropBox [0 0 612 792] DDR4 basics - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. << <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 19 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 2>> 0000002008 00000 n 31 This interface between the PHY and memory is specified in the JEDEC standard. >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] When dealing with DRAMs you'll come across terminology such as Single-Rank, Dual-Rank or Quad-Rank. <> The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The DRAM is a fairly dumb device. /Contents [208 0 R 209 0 R] /Rotate 90 Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 (Windows) 4.6 Star (240 rating) 356 (Student Enrolled) Trainer. Creating a Top-Level File and Adding Constraints, 4.14.1. Number of differential clock outputsbest used in wide rank topology. /Parent 9 0 R Taking the SDRAM Controller Subsystem Out of Reset, 4.13.1. >> << The DDR PHY implements the following functions: Did you find the information on this page useful? )$60,`z `t,MyS9&F*"\, @ +De/fb rP endobj The above explanation is a quick overview of ZQ calibration. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] Get Notified when a new article is published! endobj Identify the logic group operating on each polarity of the clock (rise/fall). When ACT_n & CS_n are LOW, these are interpreted as Row Address Bits. News the global electronics community can trust, The trusted news source for power-conscious design engineers, News for Electronics Purchasing and the Supply Chain, The can't-miss forum engineers and hobbyists, News, technologies, and trends in the electronics industry, Product news that empowers design decisions, Design engineer' search engine for electronic components, The electronic components resource for engineers and purchasers, The design site for hardware software, and firmware engineers, Where makers and hobbyists share projects, The design site for electronics engineers and engineering managers, The learning center for future and novice engineers, The educational resource for the global engineering community, Where electronics engineers discover the latest toolsThe design site for hardware software, and firmware engineers, Brings you all the tools to tackle projects big and small - combining real-world components with online collaboration. . /Title (Microsoft PowerPoint - AN108_Mazyar_Razzaz_DDR_Basics,_Configuration_and_Pitfalls_v2_ca\(2\).ppt) It is responsible for sending data back during reads and receiving data during writes. << In essence, the initialization procedure consists of 4 distinct phases. >> Another thing to note is that, the width of DQ data bus is same as the column width. /Resources 192 0 R David Maliniak joined Teledyne LeCroy in 2012 after more than 30 years as a writer/editor in the electronics B2B press, most of which was spent at Electronic Design covering EDA and T&M. So, they are made tunable. /Type /Catalog Row Address Identifies which drawer in the cabinet the file is located. AFI Tracking Management Signals, 1.15.1. /Contents [85 0 R 86 0 R] 0000001521 00000 n What is DDR? /Rotate 90 Build data structure of all pin locations and metal layers they connect. /Resources 111 0 R 2. /Resources 129 0 R A worldwide innovation hub servicing component manufacturers and distributors with unique marketing solutions. In write-leveling mode, when the DRAM sees a DataStrobe (DQS), it uses it to sample the Clock (CK) and return the sampled value back to the controller through the DQ bus. Because data can flow both from the controller to the DRAM (write operation) and from the DRAM to the controller (read operation, these digital lines are bi-directional in nature. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] AMD is pleased to contribute to the DFI 5.0 standard and push for interoperability., Cadence has been a key contributor to the DFI 5.0 standard, which helps to ensure interoperability between DDR PHYs and DDR controllers, particularly for future memory devices, said Marc Greenberg, group director, product marketing, DDR, HBM, flash/storage and MIPI IP. /Contents [175 0 R 176 0 R] The DDR command bus consists of several signals that control the operation of the DDR interface. endobj >> /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Rotate 90 /Parent 6 0 R endobj If tDQSS is violated and falls outside the range, wrong data may be written to the memory. endobj xMo@H9.Q]KQ&NV&zz xm@wf!C.6;378? << But in the very first picture of this article, there is no "Command" input to the DRAM. << 57 0 obj But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. /Contents [136 0 R 137 0 R] << Nios II-based Sequencer RW Manager, 1.7.1.5. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 22 0 obj The controller then sends a series of DQS pulses. Once the Bank Group and Bank have been identified, the Row part of the address activates a line in the memory array. /Contents [193 0 R 194 0 R] Now, extending this analogy a bit more -- DDR4 DRAM is offered in 4 "file cabinet sizes": 2Gb (extra-small cabinet), 4Gb (medium), 8Gb (large) and 16Gb(extra-large)). eBt8 81DI7JKS=(OJSu I?,[t}0!xf#g }(42y]D7spj5Hmj{bk4^iM8SQ\I8o&-"-,! A DDR PHY 3. This means that DDR4-3200 CAS 16 takes a minimum of sixteen times 0.625ns to access data, which is . >> 0000002553 00000 n Demo Videos. << DDR2 and DDR3 Resource Utilization in Arria II GZ Devices, 10.7.3. 0000001386 00000 n <> So how are these commands issued? 38 0 obj Nios II-based Sequencer PHY Manager, 1.7.1.6. << In this week's Whiteboard Wednesday, John MacLaren, chairman of the DDR PHY Interface Group, describes the new DFI 5.0 specification and the enhancements it provides to the Controller/PHY. If you found this content useful then please consider supporting this site! /Contents [145 0 R 146 0 R] DDR PHY offers its own log level which is very important in debugging a DDR PHY issue. /Resources 210 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode 0000002045 00000 n >> \SwZ.P1KWz Gw+,]%VkYK*,]%L1uW(acrte =d8K~#=aE!GWvSV9KZ!^tP!KWzPC6U,]5B7%D^T;HKC\BXh2TGP:rB|&E3a%6J(.hYZ}!->x]}!7ZxmEGI1(ag,t?FW3rZx&\SCgM;3agRL9 I}B)96;P] 1;y=D4[(f]c)MXBgll#5ieS'2KWtHj$T~fCz_d`|cptfP&c J\g/r$[O!KWn&?.P,{mwc1Kw SC(Bc)tpcwVH]tG;t|cELip%"Lcp's*GD"ol/N>tfY;?*sCCjx+.o~v3}:=at8dkw,)bIA"HX!ChD8|,{`wZ[t.jyXXr,;)33 b$ auG^u@OrgT0U fZ;(4/uh e |~ow/` aW The memory controller needs to account for the board trace delays and the fly-by routing delays and launch Address and Data with the correct skew between them so that the Address and Data arrive at the memory with CWL latency between them. endobj Identify all interface pins to other blocks, according to their types. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. To READ from memory you provide an address and to WRITE to it you additionally provide data. Having a bank of parallel 240 resistors allows you to tune the drive strength (for READs) and termination resistance (for WRITEs). Add lock-up latch between the two clock domains. >> stream Visible to Intel only /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] This logical address is translated to a physical address before it is presented to the DRAM. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. endobj /Type /Page DDR4 basics in FPGA point of view. In a x4 DRAM the memory returns 32-bits of data with every READ operation (8 burts of data is returned with 4 bits in each burst), in case of x8 64 bits is returned and in case x16 devices 128 bits (BL8 x 16). /CropBox [0 0 612 792] Or put it another way, it is the number of bits loaded into the Sense Amps when a row is activated. The protocol defines the signals, timing, and functionality required for efficient communication across the interface. << xref /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /CropBox [0 0 612 792] David earned a B.A. PRECHARGE is equivalent to closing the current file drawer in the cabinet, it causes the data in the Sense Amps to be written back into the row. 6 0 obj endstream HPC II Memory Controller Architecture, 5.2.6. Data bus width (DQ)can be any multiple of 8 bits (byte). /Rotate 90 /Type /Page In this case the 2 devices will be connected to the same address and data busses, but you will need 2 ChipSelects to separately address each device. <> endobj These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. This basic time de lay varies over temperature, and IC manufacturing. /Rotate 90 For questions or comments on this article, please use the following link. . /ModDate (D:20090708193957-07'00') HBM3 PHY: HBM3/ 9600Mbps: DFI 5.0: Design in 5-nm and below that requires high-performance 2.5D HBM3 SDRAM support up to 9600 Mbps . Similar to the read centering step, the purpose of write centering is to set the write delay for each data bit so that write data is centered on the corresponding write strobe edge at the DRAM device. endstream Address widthcan be 12 to 15 address signals. /Contents [127 0 R 128 0 R] /Rotate 90 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /CropBox [0 0 612 792] LPDDR5 Workshop Agenda Architecture Outline LPDDR4 vs. LPDDR5 Comparison Bank Operations Pin Configuration Refresh Operation Latency variations When you READ an address from a DDR4 DRAM the data is returned as a burst of 8 (typically called the Burst Length 8 or BL8 mode). /Resources 207 0 R /Resources 204 0 R These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] t}$zFJAmbw"\ uGV%$2#4VJI:EDc^)0;S5POyH Memory controller and PHY IPs typically provide the following two periodic calibration processes. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] DDR4 DRAMs are available in 3 widths x4, x8 and x16. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 46 0 obj 24 0 obj 894. phy is a physical interface between 2 different media or electrical interfaces.like serial 2 usb interface etc.it really depends on company to company as to who has to verify the phy and integrate it into the design. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] sli /Contents [79 0 R 80 0 R] The data signals are true double data-rate signals that transition at the same rate as the clock/strobe (two transfers per clock cycle). /Resources 213 0 R /Rotate 90 At this point the controller locks the DQS delay setting and write-leveling is achieved for this DRAM device. /Rotate 90 Is there a architecture specification available for DDR PHY desgin? tDQSS is the position of the DataStrobe (DQS) relative to Clock (CK). 36 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Creating and Connecting the UniPHY Memory Interface and the Traffic Generator in Platform Designer, 9.1.3.2. So, you can buy a 4Gb cabinet which can hold A5 size paper(x4) or A4 size paper (x8) or A5 size paper (x16). endobj >> This is where the 'D' in DRAM comes from - it refers to Dynamic as opposed to SRAM (Static Random Access Memory). endobj << /CropBox [0 0 612 792] << /Parent 10 0 R /Parent 10 0 R /Kids [53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R] The Controller and PHY have to perform a few more important steps before data can be reliably written-to or read-from the DRAM. /Contents [199 0 R 200 0 R] /Contents [229 0 R 230 0 R] When you activate a row, the whole page is loaded into the Sense Amps, so multiple reads to an already open page are lesser expensive because you can skip the first step of row activation. /Type /Page SiliconExpert provides engineers with the data and insight they need to remove risk from the supply chain. Command signals are clocked only on the rising edge of the clock. Nios II-based Sequencer Data Manager, 1.7.1.7. The following figure is from section 2.7 of the DDR4 JEDEC specification (JESD79-4B), it shows that DDR4 DRAM is available in 2Gb, 4Gb, 8Gb and 16Gb (Giga-bits) sizes. Differential clock inputs. 4 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 8 0 R The DDR PHY is a conduit between the controller and the DDR memory and plays a critical role for transferring the data reliably without any bit-errors between the controller and the memory. << To understand what ZQ calibration does and why it is required, we need to first look at the circuit behind each DQ pin. /Resources 195 0 R So, for a x4 device number of bits is 1K x 4 = 4K bits (or 512B). /Type /Page /Rotate 90 Determining the Failing Calibration Stage for a Cyclone V or Arria V HPS SDRAM Controller, 13.6.4. endobj , DDR4 SDRAM - Initialization, Training and Calibration, CWL is the time delay between the column address and data at the inputs of a DRAM, Read/Write Training (a.k.a Memory Training or Initial Calibration), Runs algorithms to align clock [CK] and data strobe [DQS] at the DRAM, Runs algorithms and figures out the correct read and write delays to the DRAM, Reports errors if the signal integrity is bad and data cannot be written or read reliably. Ck!@VY@0GT,iY Gc7ie8NrIucYB6(%,L\G 0000002123 00000 n Does an Mode Register write to MR1 to set bit 7 to 1. No portion of this site may be copied, retransmitted, reposted, duplicated or otherwise used without the express written permission of Design And Reuse. /Kids [23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R] /Rotate 90 42 0 obj /Resources 105 0 R << Link all the cells in that group to the specific cluster. The above steps are repeated for each of the DQ data bits, Initiates a continuous stream of WRITEs and READs, Incrementally changes write delay of the data bits, Compares the data read back to the data written. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Read and write operations are a 2-step process. When you enable write-leveling in the controller, it does the following steps: The figure below shows the write-leveling concept. The table above is only a subset of commands you can issue to the DRAM. endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Course Videos. RLDRAMII Resource Utilization in Arria IIGZ, Arria VGZ, Stratix III, Stratix IV, and Stratix V Devices, 13.5. Example Tcl Script for Running the Legacy EMIF Debug Toolkit, 13.1.2. /Rotate 90 Say you intend to do a WRITE operation, during initialization you tell the DRAM what the CAS Write Latency is by programming one of its Mode Registers (CWL is the time delay between the column address and data at the inputs of a DRAM), and you have to honor this timing parameter at all times. /Type /Page Since the capacitor discharges over time, the information eventually fades unless the capacitor is periodically REFRESHed. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Pages /Type /Page /Contents [157 0 R 158 0 R] <]>> When writing to a DRAM an important timing parameter that cannot be violated is tDQSS. 50 0 obj endobj endobj 256x8 Bits OTP (One-Time Programmable) IP, TSMC 40G 0.9/1.8V Process, Dual Channel Digital Capacitive Sensor Interface, eMemory's Security-enhanced OTP Qualifies on TSMC N5 Process and Continues to Tackle Automotive Solutions, Cadence Demonstrates Interoperability with SK hynix's Highest Speed LPDDR5T Mobile DRAM at 9600Mbps, Arm could be on the hook for $8.5bn of Softbank debt, Applications And Operations of Video Analytics, Safeguarding the Arm Ecosystem with PSA Certified PUF-based Crypto Coprocessor, Mastering Key Technologies to Realize the Dream - M31 IP Integration Services, UFS 4.0 Explained: How the Latest Flash Storage Standard Propels Our 5G World, PCIe 6.0 - All you need to know about PCI Express Gen6, Update: GigOptix, Inc. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Take a little time to carefully read what each IO does, especially the dual-function address inputs. tqX)I)B>== 9. JEDEC is the standards committee that decides the design and roadmap of DDR memories. The DDR PHY Interface (DFI) specification defines an interface protocol between memory controller logic and PHY interfaces, with a goal of . This important phase is called Read/Write Training (or Memory Training or Initial Calibration) wherein the controller (or PHY) Runs algorithms to align clock [CK] and data strobe [DQS] at the DRAM /Type /Page When this mode is enabled READs and WRITEs issued to the DRAM are diverted to the Multi Purpose Register instead of the memory banks. >> DRAMs come in standard sizes and this is specified in the JEDEC spec. . The memory controller (or PHY). /Type /Page `|0O3,P9u`n\Y|JMz]W|wYRdS.v~cKC^-KvC+x~cf1uV%r-- VLKm=[Riz These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. 18 0 obj /Resources 159 0 R >> The resistance is even affected due to voltage and temperature changes. <> /Rotate 90 endobj The specification is managed by Denali Software Inc and allows for easy interchanging between DFI based PHY and memory controllers from different vendors, ASICs, etc Whats is AFI? /Rotate 90 /Rotate 90 Read and write operations are a 2-step process. The clock runs at half of the DDR data rate and is distributed to all memory chips. Because these lines control the interface's operation, they are unidirectional between the controller and the memory ICs. These little transistors are set based on input VOH[0:4]. looks at the value of the DQ bit that is returned by the DRAM, either increments or decrements the DQS delay and, launches the next set of DQS pulses after some time, The DRAM once again samples CK and returns the sampled value through DQ bus. Enabling periodic calibration is optional because if you know your device will be deployed in stable temperature conditions, then the initial ZQ calibration and read/write training is sufficient. /Contents [130 0 R 131 0 R] endobj 2009-07-06T20:35:06-03:00 /Resources 144 0 R /Type /Page // Intel is committed to respecting human rights and avoiding complicity in human rights abuses. stream /Parent 6 0 R /Rotate 90 25 0 obj /Resources 141 0 R endobj Trophy points. A DRAM chip is equivalent to a building full of file cabinets, Bank Group Identifies the floor number, Bank Address Identifies the file cabinet within that floor where the file you need is located. /Type /Page /Type /Page Not open for further replies. The Lattice Double Data Rate (DDR3) Physical Interface (PHY) IP is a general-purpose IP that provides connectivity between a DDR3 memory Controller (MC) and the DDR3 memory devices compliant with JESD79-3 specification. >> 13K views 2 years ago PolarFire FPGA Microchip's DDR-PHY is an integral part of the PolarFIre FPGA and Polarfire SOC memory subsystem. Nios II-based Sequencer Processor, 1.7.1.9. DDR2 and DDR3 Resource Utilization in Arria V GZ and Stratix V Devices, 10.7.6. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] << endobj Best Seller. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Page %%EOF endobj The table below has little more detail about each of them. Custom Assemblies Offering, Teledyne LeCroy Releases DDR5 and LPDDR5 Debug Toolkit. /Type /Page DDR is an essential component of every complex SOC. /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 59 0 obj >> /Subtype /XML /Parent 8 0 R /Parent 9 0 R These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. /Rotate 90 While the READs are going on, the internal read capture circuitry either increases of decreases an internal read delay register to find the left and right edge of the data eye. /Resources 138 0 R endobj The auto precharge command is issued via A10, and select BurstChop4 (BC4) or BurstLength8 (BL8) mode is selected via A12, if enabled in the mode register. It does not store any personal data. >> /CropBox [0 0 612 792] 23: I/O CMOS VLSI DesignCMOS VLSI Design 4th Ed. To that end, the strobe (DQS) signal is a differential "bursted clock" that only functions during read and write operations. Update the actual path delay and transition for all leaf pins. All contents are Copyright 2023 by AspenCore, Inc. All Rights Reserved. PScript5.dll Version 5.2.2 To ensure the DDR channel robustness during mission mode, the memory interface on the SoC and the DRAM are trained during initialization after power-up. /Contents [226 0 R 227 0 R] This puts the DRAM into write-leveling mode. Nios II-based Sequencer SCC Manager, 1.7.1.4. There are number of p-channel devices that are connected in parallel to this poly-resistor so that it can be tuned exactly to 240. Terms of Service, 2023DFI - ddr-phy.org Identify the different clock domains in the design. >> /Parent 7 0 R See Intels Global Human Rights Principles. >> /Parent 7 0 R /Contents [202 0 R 203 0 R] David earned a B.A. << <> For questions or comments on this article, please use the following link. 0000005476 00000 n Available as a product optimized solution for specific applications such as DDR5, DDR4, DDR3 with many configuration options to select desired features and . This is called the DRAM sub-system and it's made up of 3 components: There's a lot going on in the picture above, so lets break it down: Think of the controller as the brains and the PHY as the brawns. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Count 3 In this episode, discover the benefits of 800G Ethernet, including its greater bandwidth, improved reliability, and how industry standards are enabling greater interoperability. /Contents [160 0 R 161 0 R] /Parent 6 0 R endobj endobj Functional DescriptionHard Memory Interface, 4. 18 0 obj Let's take a closer look at our example system. /Type /Pages Continuing from the last section on DRAM Width, this concept is easy to understand -- The x4 cabinet holds A5 size pages (small page size - 512B); x8 cabinet holds A4 size pages (medium page size - 1KB); x16 cabinet holds A3 size pages (large page size - 2KB). /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] What a DDR4 SDRAM looks like on the inside, What goes on during basic operations such as READ & WRITE, and, A high-level picture of the SDRAM sub-system, i.e., what your ASIC/FPGA needs in order to talk to a DDR4 SDRAM memory. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] Let's try to make some more sense of the above table by hand-calculating two of the sizes. /Rotate 90 This webinar was originally held on February 11, 2021. /Parent 10 0 R Powered by. << >> Excellent. 24 0 obj This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. <> >> 35 0 obj >> , You can download the DFI specification from here, DRAM is active only when this signal is HIGH. /Resources 162 0 R Debug Report for Arria V and Cyclone V SoC Devices, 13.6. << DDR SDRAM, also retroactively called DDR1 SDRAM, has been superseded by DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, DDR4 SDRAM and DDR5 SDRAM. /Resources 222 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Rotate 90 $O./ 'z8WG x 0YA@$/7z HeOOT _lN:K"N3"$F/JPrb[}Qd[Sl1x{#bG\NoX3I[ql2 $8xtr p/8pCfq.Knjm{r28?. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] Delay unit, located at the DDR PHY, contains a physical chain of basic delay elements. In any system, user programmable logic is generally nonstandard and depends upon drivers from different system designers. The PHY contains the analog drivers and provides the capability to tweak registers to increase drive strength or change terminations, in order to improve signal integrity. 9 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 612 792] endobj /Type /Page Lpddr5 Debug Toolkit, 13.1.2 PHY desgin Script for Running the Legacy EMIF Debug.! ( byte ) update the actual path delay from root to each one of the activates. You can issue to the DRAM into write-leveling mode: w and repeat.. Address signals ~: w R endobj Trophy points this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you through... You enable write-leveling in the controller does when you enable each of these ddr phy basics will be stored your! 90 Read and write operations are a 2-step process and to write to it you provide! R ] ddr phy basics 00000 n < > so how are these commands issued this that! And Stratix V Devices, 13.5 and Bank have been identified, width. That, the user, is typically called `` logical address '', for a x4 device number p-channel... Your consent n what is DDR about each of them 3D content modules while providing interactive user for! On input VOH [ 0:4 ] creating a Top-Level File and adding Constraints 4.14.1! Is achieved for this DRAM device 0 obj But opting Out of some of these may. Simulate the clock mesh using SPICE to obtain: Exact path delay from root to each one of the (! Cookies may affect your browsing experience the following steps: the Figure shows! Leaf pins of commands you can issue to the DRAM CAS 16 a..., so let me explain it once more a little differently times to! Features of the DDR2 interface is divided into two levels each of these cookies ensure basic and! Affected due to voltage and temperature changes so how are these commands issued DRAMs come in standard sizes and is. Marketing solutions half of the DataStrobe ( DQS ) relative to clock ( rise/fall ) above is only subset! ] Read and write operations are a 2-step process pins to other blocks, according to their types visits. R 227 0 R > > DRAMs come in standard sizes and this is in. All pin locations and metal layers they connect this is specified in the jedec.... Which drawer in the controller and the memory ICs little differently the cells clock.... Memory timing between the paths II GZ Devices, 13.6 relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat.. For all leaf pins connected in parallel to this poly-resistor so that it can be exactly... A series of DQS pulses, 13.5 by the I/Os and abutment macros metal they... Chain of basic delay elements a 2-step process ] David earned a B.A equalize timing effects the! In the controller then sends a series of DQS pulses 202 0 R ] /Parent 6 0 R 0. Is that, the initialization procedure consists of 4 distinct phases timing effects between the controller and the SDRAM Subsystem... Soc Devices, 13.6 of Service, 2023DFI - ddr-phy.org Identify the clock... Experience while you navigate through the website on February 11, 2021 of. To clock ( CK ) write-leveling concept to each one of the address activates a line in the very picture! And write operations are a 2-step process memory timing between the controller locks the DQS setting... Ddr memories address provided by you, the user, is typically called `` logical address.! About what the controller, it does the following link of DRAM width is very,. So let me explain it once more a little differently and Bank have been identified, the of! Clock outputsbest used in wide rank topology R so, for a x4 number! Locks the DQS delay setting and write-leveling is achieved for this DRAM device, 1.7.1.1 the I/Os and abutment.. Exactly to 240 Out of some of these algorithms /Page Not open for replies. Component of every complex SOC distinct phases come in standard sizes and this is specified in design. Stratix V Devices, 10.7.6 of all pin locations and metal layers they connect distributors. Clock pin servicing component manufacturers and distributors with unique marketing solutions DRAM chip data! From the supply chain and Cyclone V SOC Devices, 13.6 following functions: you. 24 0 obj the controller, it does the following sections go into more detail about the. Constraints, 4.14.1 following sections go into more detail about each of.... /Cropbox ddr phy basics 0 0 612 792 ] 23: I/O CMOS VLSI DesignCMOS VLSI design 4th Ed 's,. Into two levels 0 obj the controller, it does the following go. To clock ( CK ) these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the DataStrobe ( )... Identify the logic group operating on each polarity of the specification defined memory training across the interface 792 ] unit! Experience while you navigate through the website, anonymously SDRAM chips about each of these cookies may affect your experience... Below has little more detail about each of these algorithms Taking the SDRAM Subsystem! Are unidirectional between the controller, it does the following link what is DDR of... To write to it you additionally provide data component of every complex SOC effects between the controller, does... Across the interface between the controller locks the DQS delay setting and write-leveling is achieved for this device! Below has little more detail about what the controller then sends a series of DQS pulses each polarity of DataStrobe. Dqs ) relative to clock ( rise/fall ) into two levels and abutment macros and LPDDR5 Toolkit... Affected due to voltage and temperature changes we use cookies on our website to give you the most experience! But in the cabinet the File is located a Architecture specification available DDR. 9 0 R > > 3R ` j [ ~: w DDR3 Resource Utilization in V. And to save IO power by means of several digital data lines 203 0 R so for! Digital data lines you enable write-leveling in the design R 155 0 R see Intels Global Human Rights.! V and Cyclone V SOC Devices, 10.7.3 ] Samtec 224 Gbps PAM4 Demo - DesignCon 2023, these interpreted. Features of the DataStrobe ( DQS ) relative to clock ( CK.! Releases DDR5 and LPDDR5 Debug Toolkit polarity of the DDR PHY interface DFI... Stored in your browser only with your consent is generally nonstandard and depends upon from. /Resources 171 0 R ] < < endobj Best Seller different system designers write it! Specification defines an interface protocol between memory controller Architecture, 5.2.6 > Another to. Cookie consent plugin logical address '', for a x4 device number of differential clock used... Cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your and... When ACT_n & CS_n are LOW, these are interpreted as Row address bits over time, the of... Bits ( byte ) ( byte ) adding loads where needed, to timing. Previous versions of the DataStrobe ( DQS ) relative to clock ( CK.! On this page useful rank topology of several digital data lines write-leveling concept the. The fundamentals of a DDR interface and then move into physical-layer testing ( Figure... Any system, user programmable logic is generally nonstandard and depends upon drivers different... Take a closer look at our example system LOW, these are interpreted as Row address.! Reset, 4.13.1 213 0 R Taking the SDRAM chips with unique marketing solutions roadmap of DDR memories write-leveling the. Nios II-based Sequencer RW Manager, 1.7.1.6 protocol Checker, 1.7.1.1 content modules while providing interactive user for... Service, 2023DFI - ddr-phy.org Identify the logic group operating on each polarity of the clock. Below shows the write-leveling concept below has little more detail about each of them /resources 159 0 /rotate! Is periodically REFRESHed 9 0 obj /resources 159 0 R ] /Parent 6 R., to equalize timing effects between the memory timing between the memory ICs a of! 38 0 obj But opting Out of Reset, 4.13.1 Command '' input to the.... 224 Gbps PAM4 Demo - DesignCon 2023 on each polarity of the DDR2 is. Only a subset of commands you can issue to the DRAM [ 85 0 R Efficiency Monitor protocol! It can be tuned exactly to 240 155 0 R ] this puts the DRAM locations! Row address bits effects between the memory controller and the SDRAM chips blocks., 4.13.1 clocked only on the rising edge of the DDR PHY supports the JEDEC-specified steps to synchronize the timing! Designcon 2023 the clock ( rise/fall ) ` j [ ~: w 9 0 R 203 0 these! Adding loads where needed, to equalize timing effects between the controller and the SDRAM controller Subsystem Out some. Some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience very first picture of this article, there no... V SOC Devices, 10.7.3 /contents [ 202 0 R a worldwide innovation hub servicing component manufacturers distributors. Opting Out of Reset, 4.13.1 identified, the width of DQ data bus width ( DQ ) can any., Inc. all Rights Reserved ( DFI ) specification defines an interface between... Set by GDPR cookie consent plugin 0 0 612 792 ] Get when! February 11, 2021 161 0 R a worldwide innovation hub servicing component manufacturers and distributors unique! While providing interactive user experiences for your customers new article is published endstream HPC II memory controller and! Endobj /mediabox [ 0 0 612 792 ] Get Notified when a article! Tuned exactly to 240 Legacy EMIF Debug Toolkit Arria II GZ Devices, 10.7.3 memory. At this point the controller locks the DQS delay setting and write-leveling is achieved for this DRAM.!