Each king is a ritual reproduction of Eri. Trade is the key to the emergence of organized communities in the sahelian portions of Nigeria. 15691600) during whose reign Kanem was reconquered. [16], The Hausa Kingdoms were first mentioned by Ya'qubi in the 9th century and they were by the 15th-century vibrant trading centers competing with KanemBornu and the Mali Empire. [109], Nigeria's Democracy day was originally celebrated on May 29, every year since General Olusegun Obasanjo emerged President in 1999. Each king traces his origin back to the founding ancestor, Eri. Goodluck Jonathan called for new elections and stood for re-election in April 2011, which he won. Many top minds were co-opted with plum jobs in the administration and left academia. John A. Ayoade, and Adeoye A. Akinsanya, eds. The characteristic landforms of the plateaus are high plains with broad, shallow valleys dotted with numerous hills or isolated mountains, called inselbergs; the underlying rocks are crystalline, although sandstones appear in river areas. Among the Igbo people of the Eastern Region, these detainees were heroes. [9][10] Local merchants provided them with slaves, escalating conflicts among the ethnic groups in the region and disrupting older trade patterns through the Trans-Saharan route.[11]. Other tribes such as the Nri Kingdom also . [49] According to the Yoruba, Oduduwa is regarded as the ancestor of the Yoruba kings. The constitution includes provisions for a bicameral legislature, the National Assembly consisting of a 360-member House of Representatives and a 109-member Senate. Most fateful for the Ironsi government was the decision to issue Decree No. Author of, Professor of History, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. However, in 1962, a faction arose within the AG under the leadership of Ladoke Akintola who had been selected as premier of the West. The presidential election was finally held on 12 June 1993, with the inauguration of the new president scheduled to take place 27 August 1993, the eighth anniversary of President Babangida's coming to power. [52][53] He has been characterized as having first given societal order to the people of Anambra. Thus, the AG was reduced to an opposition role in their own stronghold.[77]. In Kaduna in FebruaryMay 2000 over 1,000 people died in rioting over the introduction of criminal Shar'ia in the State. [27] Kainji Dam excavations revealed iron-working by the 2nd century BC. This led to an increase in trans-Saharan Trade. "Nigeria is likely to take a more active role in funding liberation movements in southern Africa." The Nigerian Civil War led some to question whether Nigeria was, in fact, a unified nation with a national history. [48] The Olorun is now called God in the Yoruba language. This was especially true after the founding of the Institute for African Studies that brought together experts from many disciplines. As Nigeria works out representational democracy, conflicts persist between the Executive and Legislative branches over appropriations and other proposed legislation. [99] Particularly notable disasters in this area have been: 1) October 1998, Jesse, 1100 deaths, 2) July 2000, Jesse, 250 deaths, 3) September 2004, near Lagos, 60 deaths, 4) May 2006, Ilado, approx. [110], The Ibadan School dominated the academic study of Nigerian history until the 1970s. . A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. It has one of the largest river systems in the world, including the Niger Delta, the third largest delta on Earth. [90] Another sudden rise in the price of oil in 1979 to $19 per barrel occurred as a result of the lead up to the IranIraq War. There they constituted a devoutly religious, educated elite who made themselves indispensable to the Hausa kings as government advisers, Islamic judges, and teachers. Acceptance of Islam was gradual and was often nominal in the countryside where folk religion continued to exert a strong influence. Member, National Population Commission, Lagos. To them, being civilized meant being Christianized. However, over the centuries Nigerians have utilized agricultural techniques such as slash and burn, intercropping, and the use of shallow planting implements to cope with the shortcomings of the soil. Numerous ancient African civilizations settled in the region that is known today as Nigeria, such as the Kingdom of Nri,[1] the Benin Empire,[2] and the Oyo Empire. At stake now are the most fundamental questions which can be raised about a country, beginning with whether it will survive as a single viable entity. Rivers draining the area north of the Niger-Benue trough include the Sokoto, the Kaduna, the Gongola, and the rivers draining into Lake Chad. Gently undulating plains, which become waterlogged during the rainy season, are found in these areas. On the 31st of December 1899 the charter for the Royal Niger Company was revoked by the British government, and the sum of 865,000 was paid to the company as compensation. They arrived at Lagos and Benin in 1485 and the Merchants were welcomed. These tropical grasslands spread out as far as the eye can see . Excavations in Ugwuele, Afikpo and Nsukka show evidence of habitation as early as 6,000 BC. The initiation rite of a new king shows that the ritual process of becoming Ezenri (Nri priest-king) follows closely the path traced by the hero in establishing the Nri kingdom. Historically, the Yoruba people have been the dominant group on the west bank of the Niger. On 1 October 2001 Obasanjo announced the formation of a National Security Commission to address the issue of communal violence. History. In December 1990 the first stage of partisan elections was held at the local government level. Much of Nigeria is covered with plains and savannas. [34], Borno's history is closely associated with Kanem, which had achieved imperial status in the Lake Chad basin by the 13th century. At various moments in their history, the Hausa managed to establish central control over their states, but such unity has always proven short. Later groups like the Igala traders from the hinterland settled in Onitsha in the 18th century. [73] Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. These included human (such as the birth of twins),[59] animal (such as killing or eating of pythons),[60] object, temporal, behavioral, speech and place taboos. Their history is reflected in the Bayajidda legend,[37] which describes the adventures of the Baghdadi hero Bayajidda culminating in the killing of the snake in the well of Daura and the marriage with the local queen magajiya Daurama. This often leads to major explosions and high death tolls. Nigeria is not only large in arealarger than the U.S. state of Texasbut also Africas most populous country. ); terracotta; Muse du quai Branly. The Buhari government was peacefully overthrown by the SMC's third-ranking member General Ibrahim Babangida in August 1985. [75], Capturing 89 seats in the federal parliament was the second-largest party in the newly independent country the National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC). According to Igbo oral tradition, his reign started in 1043. Nigeria. These included Islamic empires in northern Nigeria and smaller organized political groupings in southern Nigeria. Their nearest linguistic relatives are the Igala who live on the opposite side of the Niger's divergence from the Benue, and from whom they are believed to have split about 2,000 years ago. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) represented conservative, Muslim, largely Hausa and Fulani interests that dominated the northern region of the country, consisting of three-quarters of the land area and more than half the population of Nigeria. According to another legend, Eri was one of Gad's sons who traveled down to build modern-day Igboland, as described in the Bible's book of Genesis. History of Nigeria The Name: NIGERIA The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. Many Fulani moved into Hausaland and Borno, and their arrival increased tensions because they had no loyalty to the political authorities, who saw them as a source of increased taxation. Nok male head; 550-50 BC; terracotta; Brooklyn Museum (New York City, USA). Kanem expanded westward to include the area that became Borno. Nri and Aguleri and part of the Umueri clan, a cluster of Igbo village groups which traces its origins to a sky being called Eri and significantly, includes (from the viewpoint of its Igbo members) the neighbouring kingdom of Igala. This lack of communication left the new acting President Jonathan with no knowledge of his predecessor's plans. The Federal government was given exclusive powers in defence, foreign relations, and commercial and fiscal policy. The area was formerly the Igala Division of Kabba province, and is now part of Kogi State. Modern Nigeria dates from 1914, when the British Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria were joined. "The petroleum industry is expanding faster than expected and oil revenues will help defray military and social service expenditures "Nigeria emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national pride mixed with an anti-foreign sentiment, and an intention to play a larger role in African and world affairs." Another factor was the military threat of the Tuareg centred at Agades who penetrated the northern districts of Borno. The name Nigeria formulated by a British journalist Flora Shaw who later got married to Lord Frederick Lugard, the mastermind behind the creation of our beloved nation. History The Igbo people are derived from Eri, a heavenly person who was sent from heaven to start civilization, according to Igbo tradition. In the 11th-century, the conquests initiated by Gijimasu of Kano culminated in the birth of the first united Hausa Nation under Queen Amina, the Sultana of Zazzau but severe rivalries between the states led to periods of domination by major powers like the Songhai, Kanem and the Fulani. The Igala are an ethnic group of Nigeria. [55] The Nri had a taboo symbolic code with six types. [13] Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule after a bloody coup d'tat in 1966. The major cause of Borno's decline was a severe drought that struck the Sahel and savanna from in the middle of the 18th century. The NEC successfully held elections on 5 December 1998, 9 January 1999, 20 February, and 27 February 1999, respectively. federal republic with two legislative houses (Senate [109]; House of Representatives [360]), Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? [87], Following the civil war, the country turned to the task of economic development. The Akintola faction argued that the Yoruba peoples were losing their pre-eminent position in business in Nigeria to people of the Igbo tribe because the Igbo-dominated NCNC was part of the governing coalition and the AG was not. The capital is Idah in Kogi state. However, the republic was short-lived, as the military seized power again in 1983 and later ruled for ten years. 4 January 2016. Although promising restoration of civilian rule he refused to announce a transitional timetable until 1995. Trans-Saharan trade routes linked the western Sudan with the Mediterranean since the time of Carthage and with the Upper Nile from a much earlier date, establishing avenues of communication and cultural influence that remained open until the end of the 19th century. [47], The Yoruba pay tribute to a pantheon composed of a Supreme Deity, Olorun and the Orisha. For local elections, nine parties were granted provisional registration with three fulfilling the requirements to contest the following elections. Their capital city was situated about 100km north of present-day Oyo. Flora Shaw later Flora Lugard named the areas that fell within the Muurish Sokoto Emirate and Muurish Benin, Nigger area. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Provinces and Lagos Colony. The Yorubaland now consists of different tribes from different states which are located in the Southwestern part of the country, states like Lagos State, Oyo State, Ondo State, Osun State, Ekiti State and Ogun State, among others. ), height: 54cm (21.2in. Nonetheless, Kano and Katsina, with their famous mosques and schools, came to participate fully in the cultural and intellectual life of the Islamic world. Iboland is an overpopulated, economically depressed area where massive unemployment is likely to continue for many years. Archaeological findings in Ile-Ife prove to feature a high level of artistic skills in the 12th-14th century era. Niger African nation, named for the river Niger, mentioned by that name 1520s (Leo Africanus), probably an alteration (by influence of Latin niger "black") of a local Tuareg name, egereou n-igereouen, from egereou "big river, sea" + n-igereouen, plural of that word. Pin the Capital on the Country: Fact or Fiction? Only five political parties were approved by the regime and voter turnout for local elections in December 1997 was under 10%. Hundreds of languages are spoken in the country, including Yoruba, Igbo, Fula, Hausa, Edo, Ibibio, Tiv, and English. Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, and Nigeria was a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. [32], According to the Encyclopedia of African History, "It is estimated that by the 1890s the largest slave population of the world, about 2 million people, was concentrated in the territories of the Sokoto Caliphate. The need to protect its commercial interests compelled Borno to intervene in Kanem, which continued to be a theatre of war throughout the 15th century and into the 16th century. Notably, as First Speaker of the House, Jaja Wachuku received Nigeria's Instrument of Independence, also known as Freedom Charter, on 1 October 1960, from Princess Alexandra of Kent, the Queen's representative at the Nigerian independence ceremonies. The Yoruba-dominated AG became the opposition under its charismatic leader Chief Obafemi Awolowo. The period of British rule lasted until 1960 when an independence movement led to the country being granted independence. At the same time, rival schools developed. Additionally, the Obasanjo administration must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious tensions if it hopes to build a foundation for economic growth and political stabilityCurrently, there is conflict in the Niger Delta over the environmental destruction caused by oil drilling and the ongoing poverty in the oil-rich region[98].. A further major problem created by the oil industry is the drilling of pipelines by the local population in an attempt to drain off the petroleum for personal use or as a source of income. General Yakubu Gowon, head of the Federal Military Government (FMG) is the accepted national leader and his popularity has grown since the end of the war. The states included only kingdoms inhabited by Hausa-speakers: Since the beginning of Hausa history, the seven states of Hausaland divided up production and labor activities in accordance with their location and natural resources. Kingdoms west of the River Niger like Aboh (Abo), which was significantly populated by Igbos among other tribes, dominated trade along the lower River Niger area from the 17th century until European explorations into the Niger delta. However, when the Western Region parliament met to approve this change, Akintola supporters in the parliament started a riot in the chambers of the parliament. Nigeria, country located on the western coast of Africa. A new republic was planned to be established in 1993 but was aborted by General Sani Abacha. It might suggest speech and that the figure has something to tell us. Social, economic, and cultural history also began to grow in prominence. ", "Nigeria's economy came through the war in better shape than expected." During the 16th century, the Songhai Empire reached its peak, stretching from the Senegal and Gambia rivers and incorporating part of Hausaland in the east. Nok artwork; 5th century BC 5th century AD; length: 50cm (19.6in. [90] All of this meant that by 1979, Nigeria was the sixth largest producer of oil in the world with revenues from oil of $24 billion per year. In early 1989 a constituent assembly completed a constitution and in the spring of 1989 political activity was again permitted. trace the origin of News Agency of Nigeria discuss the functions of NAN and the services rendered by the agency. Obasanjo, a former general, was admired for his stand against the Abacha dictatorship, his record of returning the federal government to civilian rule in 1979, and his claim to represent all Nigerians regardless of religion. [82] Decree No. The Abiriba and Aro are Brothers whose migration is traced to the Ekpa Kingdom, East of Cross River, their exact take of location was at Ekpa (Mkpa) east of the Cross River. The Yoruba are especially known for the Oyo Empire that dominated the region. "The Crisis in Research and Academic Publishing in Nigerian Universities" (2002). On 27 October 1958 Britain agreed that Nigeria would become an independent state on 1 October 1960. According to the Bayajidda legend, the Banza Bakwai states were founded by the seven sons of Karbagari ("Town-seizer"), the unique son of Bayajidda and the slave-maid, Bagwariya. The economic collapse of the 1980s also greatly hurt the scholarly community, especially the sharp devaluation of the Nigerian currency. [89] All five parties won representation in the National Assembly. Benin exercised considerable influence on the western Igbo, who adopted many of the political structures familiar to the Yoruba-Benin region, but Asaba and its immediate neighbours, such as Ibusa, Ogwashi-Ukwu, Okpanam, Issele-Azagba and Issele-Ukwu, were much closer to the Kingdom of Nri. The President moved quickly and retired hundreds of military officers holding political positions, established a blue-ribbon panel to investigate human rights violations, released scores of persons held without charge, and rescinded numerous questionable licenses and contracts left by the previous regimes. [72] On 1 January 1900, the British Empire created the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. The military rivalries of the Hausa states strained the region's economic resources at a time when drought and famine undermined farmers and herders. Igbo gods, like those of the Yoruba, were numerous, but their relationship to one another and human beings was essentially egalitarian, reflecting Igbo society as a whole. In subsequent attempts to reconvene the Western parliament, similar disturbances broke out. After holding the record as the longest-serving female senator in the history of Nigeria, Remi Tinubu will become first lady when her husband is inaugurated as President on 29 May. [29] The transition from Neolithic times to the Iron Age apparently was achieved indigenously without intermediate bronze production. There was a fierce legal battle over the results, with the legitimacy of the victory at stake.[91][92]. From 1959 to 1960, Jaja Wachuku was the First Nigerian Speaker of the Nigerian Parliament, also called the "House of Representatives." Nigerian relations with the US, cool during the war, are improving, but France may be seen as the future patron. In the 1959 elections, the AG obtained 73 seats.[75]. In February 2010, Goodluck Jonathan began serving as acting president in the absence of Yaradua. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Baron Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. Although he had led Babangida's Transitional Council since 1993, Shonekan was unable to reverse Nigeria's economic problems or to defuse lingering political tension. Largely because of Songhai's influence, there was a blossoming of Islamic learning and culture. Daily . Gradually they moved eastward, first into the centers of the Mali and Songhai empires and eventually into Hausaland and Borno. [107] On 29 May 2019, Muhammadu Buhari was sworn in for a second term as Nigeria's president, after winning the presidential election in February 2019. The public response convinced Babangida of intense opposition to an economic recession. The Igala played significant roles in the formation of Nigeria having been made host to the capital of Nigeria at Lokoja in the past, with Lugard as the Governor. This is a figure that seems to be in the midst of a conversation. Lagos, however, is not perceived as the "spiritual and bureaucratic capital of Africa"; Addis Ababa has that role.". [101], In the 2007 general election, Umaru Yar'Adua and Goodluck Jonathan, both of the People's Democratic Party, were elected president and Vice President, respectively. Gobir, located in the west, was the "Chief of War" and was mainly responsible for protecting the empire from the invasive Kingdoms of Ghana and Songhai. Other unions joined the strike, bringing economic life around Lagos and the southwest to a standstill. The Yoruba people ( Yoruba: ran Yorb, m Odduw, m Kr-ojire [21]) are a West African ethnic group that mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. The school was quite traditional in its subject matter, being largely confined to the political history that colleagues in Europe and North America were then rejecting. As a consequence, Borno lost many northern territories to the Tuareg whose mobility allowed them to endure the famine more effectively. The chiefs of Akwa Akpa placed themselves under British protection in 1884. In October 2001, hundreds were killed and thousands displaced in communal violence that spread across the states of Benue, Taraba, and Nasarawa. Nigeria - the Origin, Meaning and Principality. Shortly afterwards the AG opposition leader, Chief Obafemi Awolowo, was imprisoned to be without foundation. Women, for example, continued to exercise considerable political influence. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Breunig, Peter. Christopher Hart, "The Nigerian elections of 1983.". The origin of the name Niger, which originally applied only to the middle reaches of the Niger River . Efforts to eliminate or control these religious leaders only heightened the tensions, setting the stage for jihad. Foreign exchange earnings and government revenues increased spectacularly with the oil price rises of 197374. Now called Calabar, the city remained an important port shipping ivory, timber, beeswax, and palm produce until 1916, when the railway terminus was opened at Port Harcourt, 145km to the west.[71]. Updates? The southwest has always been dominated by the Yoruba people, descendants of the Oyo Empire, while the southeast has always been dominated by the Igbo people . The Nok culture is thought to have begun smelting iron by 600-500 BC and possibly some centuries earlier. Songhai collapsed in 1591 when a Moroccan army conquered Gao and Timbuktu. The country became independent on October 1, 1960, and in 1963 adopted a republican constitution but elected to stay a member of the Commonwealth. The new president faces the daunting task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement. Abacha died in 1998 and a fourth republic was later established the following year, which ended three decades of intermittent military rule. The name, "Nigeria", given us by Flora Shaw, wife of former colonial master, Frederick Lugard, bears a negative vibration. Lagos, the former capital, retains its standing as the countrys leading commercial and industrial city. In the 14th century, however, dynastic conflict forced the then-ruling group and its followers to relocate in Borno, as a result the Kanuri emerged as an ethnic group in the late 14th and 15th centuries. [37] Contemporary historical scholarship views this legend as an allegory similar to many in that region of Africa that probably referenced a major event, such as a shift in ruling dynasties. The most mountainous area is along the southeastern border with Cameroon, where the Cameroon Highlands rise to the highest points in the country, Chappal Waddi (7,936 feet [2,419 metres]) in the Gotel Mountains and Mount Dimlang (6,699 feet [2,042 metres]) in the Shebshi Mountains. His sudden removal would dim the prospects for Nigerian stability. The Igala Kingdom expanded beyond the present-day boundary. Yar'Adua's sickness and Jonathan's successions. [52] Eri's origins are unclear, though he has been described as a "sky being" sent by Chukwu (God). Flag. The Niger has many rapids and waterfalls, but the Benue is not interrupted by either and is navigable throughout its length, except during the dry season. Respect for the priestly functions of the oni of Ife was a crucial factor in the evolution of Yoruba culture. Nok seated figure; 5th century BC 5th century AD; terracotta; 38cm (1ft. 3 in. The school's output appears in the "Ibadan History Series."[111]. The Fulani came from the Senegal River valley, where their ancestors had developed a method of livestock management based on transhumance. One of the first sub-Saharan African countries to achieve this feat, Nigeria, which at the time had over 250 minor ethnic groups and three major ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba), was poised to be a shining example on the continent. Corrections? [67] From 1725 until 1750, roughly 17,000 enslaved Africans were sold from Calabar to European slave traders; from 1772 to 1775, the number soared to over 62,000. All of the Nok statues are very stylized and similar in that they have arched eyebrows with triangular eyes and perforated pupils. President Babangida demonstrated his intent to encourage public participation in decision making by opening a national debate on proposed economic reform and recovery measures. Nok male figure; terracotta; Detroit Institute of Art (Michigan, USA). This made inviting foreign scholars, subscribing to journals, and attending conferences vastly more expensive. Others have suggested that the technology moved west from the Nile Valley, although the Iron Age in the Niger River valley and the forest region appears to predate the introduction of metallurgy in the upper savanna by more than 800 years. The Umunoha state in the Owerri area used the Igwe ka Ala oracle at their advantage. After a secret tribunal, most of the accused were convicted and several death sentences were handed down. Author of, Professor of Geography, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Other states where Igalas can be found are Anambra, Delta and Benue states. In the vote, widespread electoral fraud was alleged and riots erupted in the Yoruba West where heartlands of the AG discovered they had apparently elected pro-government NNDP representatives. In November 1999, the army destroyed the town of Odi, Bayelsa State and killed scores of civilians in retaliation for the murder of 12 policemen by a local gang. The most powerful of these states were Ghana, Gao, and Kanem, which were not within the boundaries of modern Nigeria but which influenced the history of the Nigerian savanna. Third-Ranking member General Ibrahim Babangida in August 1985 greatly hurt the scholarly community, especially the devaluation., foreign relations, and attending conferences vastly more expensive the accused were convicted and several death were! Agreed that Nigeria would become an independent state on 1 January 1900, the country or! Constituent Assembly completed a constitution and in the evolution of Yoruba culture August. 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